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亲爱的游客朋友们,你们好!
现在我们进入的就是著名的5A级景点唐华清宫。唐华清宫位于美丽的骊山北麓,是以温泉汤池著称的中国古代宫殿。周、秦、汉、隋、唐的历代皇帝,都在这里建立过温泉宫。著名诗人白居易的《长恨歌》、杜牧的《过华清宫》中均提到过这里,“长安回望绣成堆,山顶千门次第开”说的就是唐代兴盛时期的华清宫。
朋友们,我们面前的是九龙湖,九龙湖的对面就是《长恨歌》里的长生殿,“七月七日长生殿,夜半无人私语时。在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝。”这些脍炙人口的名句描写的就是发生在这里的故事。
顺着路往东走,这里是唐玄宗和杨贵妃创作出《霓裳羽衣曲》的梨园,梨园是唐代著名的舞蹈圣地,也是和西域诸国进行文化交流的重要场所。
五间厅的西面,是著名的唐代御汤,也就是杨贵妃洗澡的温泉,“春寒赐浴华清池,温泉水滑洗凝脂”写的就是当时的沐浴场景。华清池后面的骊山是一座休眠火山,流经这里的地下水被加热成43度,这里的温泉富含各种矿物质,是与古罗马卡瑞卡拉、英国巴斯温泉齐名的世界三大温泉之一。大家可以在两个喷泉处感受一下骊山温泉,是不是觉得这里水质纯净,洗过之后细腻柔滑?
现在我们已经游览了华清池主要景点,亲爱的游客朋友们,相信你们已经对这里留下了深刻的印象,欢迎你们再来临潼、再来西安、再来美丽的陕西,谢谢你们的参观!再见!
各位游客朋友们大家好,我是讲解员xx,今天由我带领大家去参观华清池。
华清池位于西安市临潼区内,南依骄山,北临渭水,内有天然温泉。优越的地理条件和自然环境适于原始人类在此繁衍生息,更吸引了在陕西建都的历代帝王在此修建离宫别苑,自古以来就是我国著名的沐浴游览胜地。
根据历史资料证明,华清池已有6000年的温泉使用史和3000年的皇家园林建筑史。早在6000多年以前,原始先民便在这里创造出了灿烂的史前文明。3000年前的西周时,周幽王就在此修有“骊宫”,周以后经历了秦始皇的“骊山汤”、汉武帝的“汉骊宫”、唐太宗的“汤泉宫”、唐高宗的“温泉宫”,到了唐玄宗李隆基时期,在以前宫殿的基础上,充分发挥地理上的优势,依骊山的山势而筑环山列宫殿,宫周筑罗城,并修有登山的夹道和通往长安的复道,把这里同长安的“大明宫”、“兴庆宫”连为一体。公元747年,新宫落成,李隆基赐名华清宫,后因宫内多温泉浴池,又名“华清池”。唐华清宫,从山顶至山下,宫殿林立,楼阁相属。出现了“高高骊山上有宫,朱楼紫殿三四重”的壮观景象。至此,华清池也达到了它历史上的鼎盛时期。华清池是唐玄宗与杨贵妃爱情罗曼史的历史见证。
杨贵妃原名杨玉环,天资聪颖,通音律,善歌舞,被称为中国古代四大美女之一。因唐玄宗通音律,杨玉环善歌舞,两人情投意合,使得玄宗对杨玉环宠爱有加,更有“后宫佳丽三千人,三千宠爱在一身”的说法。唐玄宗与杨贵妃曾在骊山半山腰的长生殿前跪地对天发誓,愿生生世世为夫妻。白居易长恨歌中“七月七日长生殿,夜半无人私语时。
在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝”就是对此情此景的详细描写。但由于唐玄宗在执政后期,整日过着“春宵苦短日高起,从此君王不思朝”的奢靡生活,最终导致了公元755年的“安史之乱”。士兵们杀死宰相杨国忠,逼玄宗赐死了杨贵妃。从此华清池也失去了往日的辉煌。宋元明清还有多位皇帝游幸至此,但都未达到唐华清宫的盛大规模。
我们眼前的就是九龙湖,大型历史舞剧《长恨歌》的舞台就设在这里。舞剧的特点是“真山真水真历史”――它以骊山山体为背景,唐玄宗与杨贵妃的爱情为主线,以各类实景为元素,将这段传奇的爱情故事真实地再现在人们眼前,欢迎大家傍晚有时间来观看。旁边的大殿叫”飞霜殿”是唐玄宗与杨贵妃游幸骊山时使用的寝殿。相传此殿落成之时,正适冬季,雪花漫天飞舞,还没落及地面就被大殿四周温泉的热气蒸腾到空中,落雪为霜,故称"飞霜殿"。
接下来我们去参观华清宫御汤遗址博物馆。首先来看“海棠汤”又名“芙蓉汤”,俗称“贵妃汤”。因汤池平面呈一朵盛开的海棠花而得名。它一方面用海棠花的艳丽来衬托贵妃的娇美;另一方面用海棠花的造型形象比喻杨贵妃丰腆的形体。汤池的池壁由四块墨玉拼砌而成,汤池东西长3.6米,南北宽2.9米,东西两侧分别设有一组踏步,便于上下,体现出唐代建筑艺术中对称协调的美学观念。不仅如此,汤池的供水系统也设计得非常科学,池底正中有一直径为10厘米的进水口,进水口上接莲花喷头,寓意为海棠花的花蕊,下接陶制水管道,与温泉总源相通。温泉因自然压力从花蕊中自动喷洒而出,喷出的形式与喷泉相似,而洒下来的形质,不正是今天生活中的淋浴么?
“回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉熏无颜色”的杨贵妃曾在海棠汤中淋浴了近八个春秋。《长恨歌》中“春寒赐浴华清池,温泉水滑洗凝脂。待儿扶起娇无力,始是新承恩泽时”的诗句形象的描写除了杨贵妃沐浴时宛如海棠初醒的娇媚姿态。
下面我们游览莲花汤。莲花汤是专供唐玄宗李隆基沐浴的,大家有没有为它的气势所震撼呢?它是唐华清宫御汤遗址中最有气势、最具代表性的汤池,也称“御汤九龙殿”。宫殿建筑面积达400多平方米,有内外殿之分。御汤可储水近l00立方米,,俨然一座庞大的游泳池,充分显示出唐代追求恢弘大气的社会风尚及皇权的至高无上。
莲花汤造型奇特,上下两层台阶造型不同,上平面四角有一定的曲线变化,呈写实的莲花状;下平面为规则的八边形,“八边”代表着大地的八个方位,取"普天之下,莫非王土"之意,而莲花设计在大地八极之上,完全合乎于莲花根植于大地土壤之中而花浮于水的特殊生长规律;水、土、花三者紧密关联,最终实现“天人合一”的理念。
大家现在看到的这个汤,叫做星辰汤,是唐太宗李世民“汤泉宫”的遗存。整个汤池的设计是阎立德根据唐代礼制规定,再结合天空星象、二十四节气、即天、地、人三位一体的理念设计的。星辰汤离温泉水源最近,水质最好,地理位置最优越。泉水因自然的漫溢涌入汤池,形成了现代的自然水及冲浪浴的沐浴方式。在修复的过程中,考古工作者又考证了在星辰汤的底部,叠压着秦始皇的“骊山汤”和汉武帝的“汉骊宫”文化遗存,并发现了中国历史上最早的皇室配套浴具,为研究秦汉沐浴文化提供了材料。
下来是尚食汤,它形制小,工艺简单,相对于前面的御用汤池,显然沐浴者的地位不及前者。从汤池的整体结构分析,池中间设有石隔墙,东,南,北三面修砌有入池石台阶,池中并无固定的坐向位置。充分证明尚食汤面积虽小,但在此沐浴的人较多,使用率较高,身份较复杂。所以推断出,尚食汤是皇帝赏赐给等级较高的随行内侍官员的沐浴场所。
这个是太子汤,顾名思义,它的沐浴者就是东宫的皇太子,在此沐浴过的皇太子有李承乾,李治,李忠、李弘,李贤、李旦,李隆基等共10人。太子汤采用“星辰汤”的排水道供水,即摆正了皇帝与皇太子之间的尊卑关系,又寓意着来皇太子能常沐父皇恩泽。由于太子汤的四壁及池底遭受到较严重的破坏,所以太子汤以露天的形式陈设。
好,现在我们来参观温泉总源。我国有温泉2700多处,是世界上温泉最多的国家之一。而华清池的骊山温泉,因开发利用早,水质纯净,医疗价值高,享有“天下第一御泉”的美称。
现在我们来到的是中国历史上享有盛名的环园,她是1878年临潼县令沈家祯主持修建并提名的,总占地面积6000平方米。环园既有北方园林的恢弘气势又兼具江南园林的优雅别致,1990年八国联军攻陷北京,慈禧太后西逃曾驻于此,中国近代史上著名的西安事变也发生在这里。大家看到的半山腰的亭子叫做“兵谏亭”,也叫“捉蒋亭”,顾名思义,就是西安事变时,蒋介石逃到山上,被张学良、杨虎城捉住的地方。
昔日的皇宫禁苑、天下御汤,今日成了民众的游览胜地。正如郭沫若先生所咏“华清池水色清苍,此日规模越盛唐。不仅宫池依旧制,而今民庶尽天王”
各位游客朋友们,由于时间关系,华清池就只能简单讲到这里了,欢迎大家再来参观,谢谢!
陕西-西安华清池英文导游词
Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi'an. Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot. In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot Spring). The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace). In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747. It was known as the Huaqing Palace. It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.
Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high. It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse).
The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days. When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white. However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall. It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out of the hot spring. This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.
Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool. According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by a severe drought in the very remote past. Thus, by the order of the Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at the head of eight young ones, and made rain here. Yet when the disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it became serious again. In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the young dragons under the Jade Cause Way (玉堤), with the Morning Glow Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion
西安华清池英文导游词
华清宫(华清池·骊山)景区位于西安城东30公里,与“世界第八大奇迹”——兵马俑相邻。周、秦、汉、隋、唐等历代帝王在此建有离宫别苑。因其亘古不变的温泉资源、烽火戏诸侯的历史典故、唐明皇与杨贵妃的'爱情故事、“西安事变”发生地而享誉海内外。以下是小编带来的西安华清池英文导游词,欢迎阅读。
Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi'an. Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot. In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot Spring)。 The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace)。 In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747. It was known as the Huaqing Palace. It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.
Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high. It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse)。
The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days. When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white. However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall. It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out of the hot spring. This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.
Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool. According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by a severe drought in the very remote past. Thus, by the order of the Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at the head of eight young ones, and made rain here. Yet when the disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it became serious again. In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the young dragons under the Jade Cause Way (玉堤), with the Morning Glow Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion built at both ends of it respectively, to make the young dragons spout cleat water all day long to meet the needs of local irrigation. Besides, he had the old dragon confined to the bottom of the Roaring Dragon Waterside Pavilion situated at the upper end of the Jade Causeway, and obliged him to exercise control over the young.
The Nine-Bend Corridor west of the Nine Dragon Pool leads directly to the Marble Boat, which resembles a dragon boat on the water surface. In the Marble Boat lies the Nine Dragon Tang (the Nine Dragon Hot Spring where Emperor Xuan Zong used to take baths)。 At the head of his court ladies and hundreds of his officials, he would come to the Huanqing Palace to spend his winter days in October of the Lunar calendar and return to Chang'an City as the year drew to its close. The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was originally built with crystal jade, whose surface was decorated with the carvings of fish, dragons, birds and flowers. In it twin lotus flowers also carved with white jade could be seen as well. The spring water welled from the break of an earthen jar, and spouted up to the lotus flowers. Hence the name Lotus Flower Tang (the Lotus Flower Hot Spring)。
The Gui Fei Bathing Pool was where Yang Gui Fei, Emperor Xuan Zong's favorite lady, used to take bath. It was originally built with white jade, and in its center a blooming flower spouted water like a spring. The pool looked very much like a Chinese flowering crabapple; Hence its name the Chinese Flowering Crabapple Hot Spring or the Lotus Hot Spring
Lady Yang used to make a stay in this pavilion to see sights or to air her hair after a bath. Therefore, it was named the Hair Airing Pavilion. Whether the sun was rising or setting, the pavilion was aglow with sunshine; hence the name the Flying Roseate Pavilion.
Southwest of the Gui Fei Bathing Pool stands a brick-built pavilion. On its head three big Chinese characters “Xi Jia Lou” (Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion)are inscribed according to the model of the most celebrated according to the model of the most celebrated Chinese calligrapher, Yu You Ren, here is the source of the spring water.
At this spa there are four hot springs. They have an hourly flow of 112 tons, and a constant temperature of 43°C. The spring water contains lime, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and other minerals, which makes it suitable for bathing and considerable treatment of quite a few diseases such as dermatosis, rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pain. The Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion marks the first source of the spring water, which was discovered some 3,000 years ago, roughly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its water flow averages 25 tons per hour. Take up the steps east of the source of hot springs, you will gradually see the Five-Room Pavilion where Chiang Kaishek made a temporary stay during the Xi'an Incident.
The Xi'an Incident took place on December 12, 1936, and it is also known as the Double Twelfth Incident. After the Incident of September 18, 1936, the Japanese imperialists seized the three provinces northeast of China, and intensified their invasion of North China. This was the very moment vital to the Chinese nation. Yet Chiang Kaichek persisted doggedly in carrying out his reactionary policy “domestic tranquility is a must for the resistance against Japanese invades,” and commanded the Northeast Army and Northwest Army, respectively headed by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. Inspired by our Party's policy “let us stop the internal war and unit to resist the Japanese aggressors,” those two generals made to Chiang Kaishek the proposal of forming a united front with the Communist Party for the resistance. Not only did he reject the proposal, but flew to Xi'an to scheme the “suppression of the Communist Party.” And the slaughter of the patriotic youth. Out of patriotism, Zhang and Yang started the famous Xi'an Incident.
Very early on the morning of December 12, 1936 the Incident was impending. Zhang Xueliang, together with Yang Hucheng ordered a squad of bodyguards to surround the Huaqing Pool. They fought a fierce battle there, and wiped out Chiang's bodyguards in one vigorous effort. The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his nightgown and slippers only. What's more, he hurt his spinal bone, and lost one of his slippers while crossing over the back wall. He staggered up Lishan Mountain, and hid himself behind a stone in the crevice halfway on it. Those brave soldiers began to search the mountain immediately when they rushed into the Five-Room Pavilion to find that Chiang's hat and clothes were still there and that his quilt remained warm. In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus escorted him to Xi'an.
In order to avoid a civil war and try t establish a national united front for the resistance against Japan, Mao Zedong on behalf of the C.C.P.C. insisted on a peaceful settlement of the Incident. Therefore, a delegation headed by Zhou Enlai was sent to Xi'an. Zhou Enlai and his suite did a large amount of work there, took everything possible into consideration, and ultimately forced Chiang Kaishek to accept the proposal by his two generals. On December 25, Chiang was freed, and flew back to Nanjing. The Xi'an Incident was so peacefully settled.
The peaceful settlement of the Incident put an end to the internal war which had lasted for ten years, and accelerated the formation and development of the national united front for the anti-Japanese drive. Moreover, it showed that the co-operative relationships between the Communist and Nationalists arrived at a new stage. It marked a great turning point in modern Chinese history.
In the year of 1946 the KMT government had a “National Rejuvenation Pavilion” built near the crevice where Chiang Kaishek had hidden himself in the Incident. It was also called “Vital Energy Pavilion”。 After the national liberation it was renamed “Catching Chiang Pavilion”。 Close by the pavilion stands a wooden board which carries a brief introduction to the Xi'an Incident. Iron chains and rings in the crevices east of the pavilion, by which visitors can climb up to take a look at Chiang Kaishek's shelter.
Up the winding path east of the Five-Room-Pavilion you will catch sight of a bridge-like construction. It shines regularly with a myriad of evening sun rays both in summer and autumn, and looks very much like rainbow. So it has the name of the Hovering Rainbow Bridge.
Located on the Xixiu Ridge (the West Embroidery Ridge) of the Lishan Mountain, the remains of the beacon tower of the Western Zhou Dynasty seem easy to identify.
The beacon tower was mostly built at the top of the mountain to give border alarm in ancient times. It was constantly under special control. Once the enemies were pressing on towards the border, the beacon tower began to take effect: it was made to smoke in the daytime while set on fire at night.
The story goes that Bao Si, Queen of the Western Zhou dynasty was highly honored, yet she never cracked a smile. King You tried many ways to put a smile on her face, but he failed over and over again. He “called his court band to toll bells and beat gongs”, and she pulled a long face. Then the band were asked to “play the bamboo flute and strings” and she remained displeased. Afterwards, “maids of honour served wine, festively singing and dancing,” and she did not let out a smile at all.
“You don't like music! What on earth are you fond of?” the King asked.
“I nearly have a liking for nothing. But I can still well remember I liked to give ear to the sound of tearing a piece of coloured silk when I was a child. It was clear anf melodious,” she replied. King You said in excitement, “That is very simple. How come you didn't let me know it earlier?”
Thus he ordered the officially appointed property manager to offer coloured silk, and made fresh and energetic maids of honour to tear it into pieces. Hundreds of bolts of coloured silk were utterly torn, but Bao Si remained unmoved.
“Why didn't you let out a single smile then?” he asked.
“I have never smiled so far, ” the Queen replied.
The King tried over and over again, but failed repeatedly, and in the end he gave orders, “Anyone both in and out of court who can amuse Bao Si will be awarded one thousand pieces of gold.”
Afterwards Guo Shifu, a treacherous court official came and offered advice: “Set the beacon tower on fire and fool your sovereign rulers.” That night the King and Queen reached the Lishan Mountain by carriage, and gave the order. In the split second the flames of the fire lit up the sky ad the sovereign rulers moved their troops immediately to the Lishan Mountain. There they found nothing but that the King and Queen enjoyed drinking festively. The King then dispatched his bodyguard to inform them that “Everything should have been all right. I have just been joking with you.” When they got this, they looked at each other in blank dismay, and left disappointed. Sure enough, Bao Si burst into laughter, stroking her hands when she noticed all the troops come in vain and go noisily. Accordingly, Guo Shifu got a prize of one thousand pieces of gold. Later on King You did so more often than not. In 771 B.C. Quan Rong (a then minority tribe) staged an armed rebellion against the Western Zhou Dynasty. King You ordered urgently to set the beacon tower on fire, but all the sovereign rulers remained unmoved. Consequently King Yu was killed, and Bao Si was taken away. The Western Zhou dynasty vanished. Herein come the Chinese idiom “A single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold” and “The sovereign rulers are fooled by the beacon fire.”
各位朋友:
大家好。欢迎来华清池参观,我是导游xx,很高兴能为大家服务。华清池是我省仅有的三处五A级景区之一,曾是皇家园林,这里山美、水美,美女杨玉环与唐玄宗流传了千年的爱情故事更美。
游览之前我先给大家简介一下华清池。
华清池,位于陕西省临潼区骊山北麓华清宫的故址,西距西安30公里,东与秦始皇兵马桶相毗邻,南依骊山,北临渭水。大家请看前方山峦,由于从远处看,尤如一匹青苍色的骏马,因此得名“骊山”。“周幽王峰火戏诸侯,褒姒一笑值千金”的典故就出自这里。每当夕阳西下,骊山在斜阳的影子中,好像披上了艳丽的红装。“入暮晴霞红一片,疑是烽火自西来”,令人误以为当年烽火还在燃烧,故有“骊山晚照”之称,是关中八景之一。
华清池是历代帝王游幸之地,相传周幽王曾在这里修建骊宫。秦始皇时,以石筑室为宇,改名‘骊山汤’。汉武帝时,在秦汤基础上休修葺扩建为离宫。隋文帝重加修饰,“列植松柏数千株”。唐太宗诏令在这里营建宫殿楼阁,取名“汤泉宫”,后高宗改名“温泉宫”。唐玄宗时再次扩建,并正式定名华清宫。今天的华清池是在清代基础上经多次修缮扩建及发掘复原唐遗址后形成的,占地85560平方米,但也仅为唐华清宫的十分之一,分为东区、中区和西区。
好了,各位游客,现在我们一边一向前走一欣赏。我们面前的这片碧波荡漾的水面叫做九龙湖,有5300平方米。何以“九龙”为名呢?其实这个湖分成上下两池,中有九龙长堤东西横贯。堤壁间有八龙吐水,与大龙头合为九龙之数,体现了皇帝的九五之尊。长堤西边有座龙石舫,用小石拱桥相连,形似渡口。两只龙头高高扬起,犹如一座华丽的龙舟,正欲破浪前行。与其相连的是九曲回廊,好像龙身。九龙池的北岸,是九龙宫的主体建筑“飞霜殿”。
殿前各有一对石狮和石牛。登上飞霜殿的回廊,东西眺望“沉香殿”、“宜春殿”,更觉飞霜殿的回廊富丽堂皇,端庄大度。此殿因相传为唐玄宗和杨贵妃的寝殿而建。当冬天雪花飞舞时,独此殿前雪为霜,故名“飞霜殿”。现在呢,这里已经成为了贵宾接待厅和休息室。在飞霜殿的背面墙上还有一副壁画――《杨玉环奉诏温泉宫》,描绘的是公元二十八年十月的一个夜晚,玄宗第一次召见杨玉环的场面。
说到这里呢,大家就会想到唐玄宗与杨玉环的带有悲剧色彩的爱情故事。杨贵妃,原名杨玉环,出生在陕西华阴,17岁便长得如花似玉、美若天仙。公元735年,她被唐玄宗册封为他的儿子寿王李瑁的妃子。5年后,由于唐玄宗的爱妃武惠妃病逝,后宫三千粉黛无一人令唐玄宗中意,他便下令在温泉宫召见杨玉环,这样便拉开了唐玄宗与杨玉环的爱情罗曼史的序幕。公元745年,唐玄宗将杨玉环为贵妃,当时玄宗已经61岁,而贵妃才27岁,册封后的第二年,在扩建温泉宫时,专为杨贵妃修建了“海棠汤”,真可谓“后宫佳丽三千人,三千宠爱在一身”。
在骊山的长生殿里,农历七月七日两人发下了“在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝”的爱情誓言,直到安史之乱,玄宗携杨贵妃逃至马嵬坡前,将士相逼,玄宗才不得不赐死杨贵妃,当时,贵妃年仅38岁。据史载,天宝年间,也就是公元742年至756年的14年间,唐玄宗偕杨贵妃驾临华清宫达43次之多,可见华清池的出名和唐玄宗、杨贵妃的“长恨歌”有千丝万缕的关系。
刚才我们提到了,唐玄宗和杨贵妃每年秋冬来到华清池,是为了享受温泉沐浴的。那么,我们现在就去看看一千多年前的皇家浴池吧。
唐华清宫背靠骊山,面向渭水,倚骊峰山势构筑,规模宏大,建筑壮丽,楼台宫殿,遍布骊山上下。正如白居易诗中所说:“高高骊山上有宫,朱楼紫殿三四重。”唐华清宫充分利用有利地形,构筑成一个庞大的宫殿建筑群,主要殿舍以温泉为中心。这里保存着5座从地下挖掘出来的大小不一的古浴池。
首先,我们进入的是海棠汤。此汤因平面像一朵盛开的海棠花而得名,又称贵妃汤,是专供杨贵妃沐浴的。该池东西长3.6米,南北宽2.9米,池壁由墨玉青石拼砌而成,汤池分上下两层,为台式结构,上层可扶可坐。整个汤池既体现了对称、协调、平衡的传统美学思想,又符合人体行为科学。在池子的中间,是一个进水口,出土时有一个汉白玉雕刻的莲花底座,这莲花底座,上面接有莲花喷头,下面接通陶水管,与温泉水相通,因自然压力使泉水从喷头中喷出,这与今天的沐浴可谓是大径相同。贵妃就在此沐浴了近八个春秋,白居易《长恨歌》中这样写道:“春寒赐浴华清池,温泉水滑洗凝脂,侍儿扶起娇无力,始是新承恩泽时”,就形象的描绘了贵妃出浴时的柔媚风姿。
接下来我们进入的是莲花汤,又名“御汤九龙殿”,它是唐玄宗李隆基的御用汤池。汤池下面为八边形,东西长10.6米,南北宽6米,池中有两个进水孔,并安有双莲花底座,它充分显示了皇权的至高无上和唯我独尊的威势。据《明皇杂录》记载,安禄山为取悦唐玄宗,命人用范阳上等白玉雕刻成鱼、龙、飞雁以及双莲底座放于池中,供玄宗使用,可是有一次,玄宗刚下水,随着水波的浮动,觉得池中的雕像仿佛活了一般,着实把玄宗吓了一跳,于是一怒之下,命人重新打磨砌器,唯独留下了这双莲花底座。
现在我们进入的是星辰汤,这个汤池是专供唐太宗李世民沐浴的。据考证,该池下面还有西周和秦的汤池遗址,原来早在三千年前的西周就已经在这里修池沐浴了,只是没有修建殿宇,晚上人们在这里沐浴,可以仰望天上的星辰,所以取名星辰汤。当然,这只是名字由来的其中一个说法,还有其他的说法,在此我就不一一列举了。西南角的这座小殿宇名叫尚食汤,是供尚食局的官员沐浴的池子。而在南北两排殿宇间的空旷处,还夹有一个用石栏围住的用青砖石铺砌的长方形浴池,它是供太子沐浴的太子汤。
华清池不仅在中国古代史上享有盛名,中国近代史上震惊中外的“西安事变”也发生在这里。我们现在就来看一看西安事变的旧址――环园。
1936年12月12日,国民党爱国将领张学良、杨虎城发动了“西安事变”,也叫“双十二事变”。蒋介石被迫接受停战议和、联共抗日、释放政治犯等条件。张学良、杨虎城两将军发动的西安事变以及中国共产党促成的这次事变的和平解决,对推动国共再次合作、团结抗日,起了重大的历史作用。
现在请大家随我继续前行,下面我们将要参观的是五间厅,它是西安事变的重要遗址。大家请看,这一字排开的八间房,西边的这五间叫做五间厅,而东边的拿三间叫做三间厅,这些都是清代建筑。八国联军进攻北京时,慈禧太后西逃至此,曾住在这里。1936年10月12月,蒋介石先后两次到陕西来,都住在五间厅,并在五间厅内召见张学良和杨虎城两位将军,要求张、杨二人消灭陕北红军,以实施其“攘外必先安内”的剿共计划。然而,张、杨两位将军在全国一致要求抗日的呼声下,默契合作,与12月12日发动兵谏,扣押了蒋介石。
当日凌晨6时,一声嘹亮的枪响划破了沉寂的夜空,蒋介石急忙从窗后翻出,逃至了骊山山腰间的一个石缝里,也就是今天的兵谏亭那里,后被张杨二人的士兵抓获,为了避免内战,联合抗日,中共中央主张和平解决“西安事变”,并应张杨两位将军电请,派周恩来率中央代表团前往西安,终于使蒋介石接受了张杨的“联共抗日”主张。西安事变的和平解决,促进了抗日民族统一战线的形成和发展,开始了国共合作的新时期。
“西安事变”是中国近代史上的一个重要转折点。这座高4米,宽2.5米的石亭,建于1946年3月,由胡宗南发起,黄埔军校七分校全体士官募捐而成,当时名曰“民族复兴亭”、“正气亭”;解放后,该亭更名为“捉蒋亭”;1986年12月在纪念“西安事变”50周年前夕,再次易名为“兵谏亭”。
好了,今天我们华清池景区的讲解就到这里了,谢谢大家!