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语境对翻译的作用
一、题目来源
其他,专题研究
二、研究目的和意义
随着我国的教育改革,素质教育始终是一个热门话题。《基础教育阶段新英语课程标准》明确指出,培养学生的自主学习能力是素质教育的一个重要方面。但是,在实际的中学英语教学中,大多数同学缺乏自主学习能力,没有有效的自主学习策略,本文通过对自主学习的研究,提出一些有效的英语自主学习的策略,使学生从被动的接受知识转为主动去学习知识,从而做到真正的会自主学习。
三、阅读的主要参考文献 及资料名称
[1] Benson, P. and Voller, P.Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning [M].London: Longman.1997,
[2] Breen, M.P .and Mann, S. Shooting arrows at the sun: perspectives on pedagogy for autonomy. In P.Benson and P.Voller (Eds) Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning [M]. London: Longman. 1997.
[3] Boud, D. (ED.).Developing Students Autonomy in Learning [M]. London: Kogan.1988.
[4] Candy.Self-direction for Life-long Learning [M]. California: Jossey-Bass.1981.
[5] Dickinson, L. Self-instruction in Language Learning [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1987.
[6] Gardner and Miller. (Eds.).Tasks for Independent Language Learning [M].Alexandria. 1996.
[7] Holec, H. Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning [M], Oxford: Pergamon.1981.
[8] Jones.Strategic teaching and learning: cognitive instruction in the content areas [M]. Alexandria, VA: Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development.1987.
[9] Nunan, D. ‘Designing and adapting materials to encourage learner autonomy’. In P.Benson&P.Voller (eds) Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning [M]. London: Longman.1997.
[10] O’Malley, J.M.and Chamot, A.V. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [M]. London: Macmillan.1990.
[11] Sinclair, B. “Learner autonomy: the next phase” In Sinclair, B.et al. (eds).Learner Autonomy, teacher Autonomy: Future Directions [M]. London: Longman.2000.
[12] Voller, P. Does the teacher has a role in autonomous learning? In P.Benson and P.Voler (eds) Autonomyand Independence in Language Learning [J].1997.London: Longman, 98-113.
[13] Vygotsky, L.S.Mind and Society: The Development of Higher Mental Processes [M]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.1978.
[14] Wenden, A. Learner Strategies for Learner Autonomy: Planning and Implementing Learner Training for Language Learners [M], Hertfordshire, UK:Pretice Hall International.1991.
[15] Wenden, A. Learner Strategies for Autonomous Learning [J]. 1998.Great Britain:Prentice Hall.xi:347
[16] Wenden.A.In cooperating learner training in the classroom. In A.Wendenand J.rubin (Eds.) Learner strategies in language learning [J],159-68. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: prentice-Hall.1987.
[17] 文秋芳.英语学习策略论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.1995.
[18] 武和平.元认知及其与外语学习的关系[J].国外外语教学[J]第二期.2000.
[19] 王立非.第二语言学习策略研究:问题与对策[J].国外外语教学第四期.2001.
[20] 英语课程标准研制组.普通高中英语课程标准(实验)解读[M].江苏:江苏教育出版社.2004.
[21] 刘润清,胡壮麟.外语教学中的科研方法[M].北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社.1999.
四、国内外现状和发展趋势与研究的主攻方向
1.国内外现状和发展趋势 自主学习,又称自我调节的学习,一般是指学习者自觉确定学习目标、选择学习方法、监控学习过程、评价学习结果的过程。从20世纪50年代开始,自主学习成为教育心理学研究的一个重要课题。维果斯基学派、操作主义、现象学派、社会认知学派、意志理论、信息加工心理学等都从不同角度对自主学习作过一些探讨。
对此,20世纪80年代末出版的《自主学习和学习成绩:理论、研究和实践》一书已作过系统总结。20世纪90年代以后,国外对自主学习问题的研究更加广泛、深入,尤其在自主学习的实质、机制、自主学习与学习成绩的关系、自主学习能力的获得等基本问题上都取得了重大进展。随着我过的教育改革,素质教育是一个热门话题。《基础教育阶段新英语课程标准》明确指出,培养学生的自主学习能力是素质教育的一个重要方面。因此,越来越多的学者开始研究培养学生的自主学习能力。
2.研究的主攻方向
自主学习理论是在人本主义心理学、认知心理学以及认知语言学等的基础上发展起来的,自主学习是一种主动的、发现的、合作的学习方式。发挥学生的主体意识和创造能力,是学生成为真正的学习的主人。但是,在我国现阶段中学英语教学过程中,大多数老师和同学都缺乏自主学习的意识,没有有效的自主学习策略,本文旨在提出一些有效的培养学生英语自主学习能力的策略,帮助学生掌握一定的自主学习策略,提高学生自主学习的能力,为终身学习打下良好的基础。
五、主要研究内容、需重点研究的关键问题及解决思路
1.主要研究内容
1)自主学习的定义及理论基础;
2)学习策略的概念及其类别;
3)通过对我国中学阶段自主学习能力的分析,提出一些有效的英语自主学习的策略。
2.重点研究的关键问题和解决思路
我国在新课程改革以来,大力提倡学生从被动、依赖的学习方式转变为主动、积极的学习方式。本论文旨在通过对自主学习的定义及其理论基础进行说明,针对当前我国中学阶段学生自主学习能力方面存在的问题,提出一些有效的培养学生自主学习能力策略。
六、完成毕业论文所必须具备的工作条件及解决的办法
1.所需工作条件:
1)搜集大量相关的中英文资料,寻找类似课题的论文作为样本借鉴;
2)利用网络查询课题研究的国内外信息,了解课题的研究成果及发展趋势;
3)要求有先进的文件检索系统及完备的计算机打印设备。
2.解决办法:
1)充分利用校内外图书馆、资料室查找所需资料;
2)利用中国期刊网,下载CAJview5.5浏览器查找相关论文;
3)运用Microsoft Word 撰写、编辑、排版论文;
4)通过学校机房及打印室完成论文的打印和装订。
七、工作的主要阶段、进度与时间安排
1. 20**年12月20日确定论文题目.
2. 20**年12月20-31日前查找资料,阅读文献,翻译文献资料,撰写文献综述,拟定写作大纲。
3. 20**年1月5-10日开题报告,做好开题准备。
4. 20**年4月1日前完成初稿,并让指导老师提出指导意见.
5. 20**年5月20日前结合指导老师意见认真修改论文.
6. 20**年6月7日前定稿,打印上交,准备论文答辩。
八、指导教师审查意见
附件大学英语毕业设计(论文)课题申报、审核表
学院(系):外国语学院英语系
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
0000
附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)
“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(wilss, 1982: 217)
‘“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
wilss, wolfram. the science of translation C problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982.
newmark, peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prentice hall, 1988.
delabastita, dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
专 业: 研究方向: 作 者: 导 师: 写作时间: ―
对外经济贸易大学英语学院
(英文)school of international studiesuniversity of international business and economics
pragmatic strategies in advertising: implicatures
wang ying
a thesis submitted to school of international studies of university of international business and economicsin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of arts
april 2002beijing, china
一、论文题目:classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究现状:
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系,国内的研究主要集中在:构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式,司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手,探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手,强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用,对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少,黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析,提倡“以学生为中心”,实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”,促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”,提高口语交际能力。合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行,它兴起于美国,在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式,从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中,他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则,对待新的理念,指导英语口语教学。情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当,会影响学生用目标语进行交流,进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”,及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类,进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”,为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义:
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看:关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少,没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中,它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此,本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法:
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础,以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据,运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述,从而引出本文论题,通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲:
introduction
chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction
definition of interaction
theoretical basis of interaction
some main interactive modes in the present classroom
chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode
the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode
the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode
oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles
chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching
the relationship between the teacher and students
two types of personal interaction
classroom climate
classroom size
chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode
some principles should follow when evaluating
the concept of evaluating
the technology of evaluating
conclusion
六、参考文献
jonssen, technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational (1994):34-35.
littlewood, william. communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press .1981.
卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志.11(XX):98-100.
司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育.4(XX):8-9.
吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7(XX年):23-24.
范雄飞, 黄玉兰.“把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中.”读与写杂志.9(XX):35-37.
徐志敏, 王瑛.“大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究.” 外语研究.8(XX):56-57.
黄影秋.“以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果.” 济南职业学院学报.3(XX年):81-88.
何亚娟.“中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践.” 渭南师院学报.12(XX):72-73.
顾晓乐, 黄芙蓉.“合作学习与情景剧表演.” 国外外语教学.2(XX):55-56.
黄艳.“合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用.” 长沙大学学报.10 (XX年):145-146.
慕东文.“合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略.” 甘肃农业.6(XX):304-305.
孙边旗,张舍茹.“英语口语教学的情景设置.” 教育理论与实践8(XX):37-39.
孙久荣.“论英语口语课的情景教学.” 辽阳师专学报21(XX):87-89.