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第一篇：开题报告英文翻译
在现代通信系统中，如何高速和可靠地传输信息成为人们关注的一个焦点。虽然现在数据传输理论和实践已经取得了相当大的进展，但是随着通信的发展，特别是无线通信业务的增长，可以利用的频率资源日趋紧张。OFDM调制技术的出现为实现高效的抗干扰调制技术和提高频带利用率开辟了一条的新路径。正交频分复用（OFDM，Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）是当前一种非常热门的通信技术。它即可以被看作是一种调制技术，也可以被看作是一种复用技术。由于它具有抗多径衰落和频谱利用率高的特点，因此被广泛应用于高速数字通信领域，比如应用于IEEE 802.11a无线局域网（WLAN）的物理层等等。 本文叙述了正交频分复用技术的产生背景、发展历史、基本原理和OFDM系统的实现方法。其中OFDM的原理部分介绍了OFDM的系统组成、调制方式、信道的分配以及使用OFDM技术的优势与不足所在，指出在短波通信中采用OFDM体制需要解决的几个关键性技术。最后总结了OFDM系统的性能特点以及在实际中的应用, 并且展望了今后的无线移动技术的发展前景。
关键词：正交频分复用；调制；解调；4G
In modern communication system, how to transmit information with high speed reliablely become a focus that people pay attention to. Though now, data transmission theory and practice have gotten fairly big progress, but along with the development of communication, especially the increase of wireless communication business but with a view to with frequency resource become tense day by day. The appearance of OFDM modulation technology is the modulation technology of interference rejection that realizes efficiency with raising the utilization rate of frequency band have opened up a new route. Because of wireless environment where multipath maybe significant, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), a special form of multicarrier modulation (MCM), where a single data stream is transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers has recently received considerable attention for its robustness to multipath selective fading and high bandwidth efficiency. It can be seen as either a modulation technique or a multiplexing technique.
This paper has narrated orthogonality frequency to divide, use again the technical realization method that produces the system of background, development history,
basic principle and OFDM. In which, the principle system of OFDM that has introduced OFDM partially forms and makes the distribution of way and channel as well as uses insufficient place and the advantage of OFDM technology, point out in some crucialness technologies that short wave solves in communication with OFDM system needs. Have summarized the performance characteristic of OFDM system as well as the application in reality finally, and have looked ahead in the future wireless move technology develop prospect.
Keywords:
OFDM（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）；Demodulation；4G Modulation；
第二篇：英语论文开题报告范文
论文题目：the Application and Innovation
一、选题的意义和研究现状
1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义
长时期以来，人们视艾米莉・勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜，许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究，得出了不同的结论，因而往往是旧谜刚解，新谜又出，解谜热潮似永无休止。
本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况
二、研究方案
1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）
研究的基本内容：本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
预期的结果（大纲）：
1.A Survey of Gothic
1.1Definition of Gothic
2Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1Theme
2.1.1Good and Evil
2.2Characters Description
2.2.1Villainhero
2.2.2Delicate Young Girl
2.3Atmosphere，Environment and Plot
2.3.1Terror
2.3.2Mystery
2.3.3Supernatural
3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1Change of the Background
3.1.3Stream of Consciousness
3.1.4Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology
2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法
3.研究所需条件和可能存在的`问题
研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：
(1)文献不足。
(2)由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见
1.研究进度安排
（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。
（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。
（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。
（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。
（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿
（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。
（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。
（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。
第三篇：2011英语论文开题报告范文
function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introductionthe intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.2 outline2.1 development and major concepts of dtsin this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 methodolgyi will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2.3 dts in contrast to other theoriesa contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.2.4 case studyin this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 conclusionbased on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)0000附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(wilss, 1982: 217)‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”’（张南峰，1990：59-60）附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)wilss, wolfram. the science of translation C problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982.newmark, peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prentice hall, 1988.delabastita, dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target, 1991(3:2):137-152.专 业： 研究方向： 作 者： 导 师： 写作时间： ― 对外经济贸易大学英语学院（英文）school of international studiesuniversity of international business and economicspragmatic strategies in advertising: implicatureswang yinga thesis submitted to school of international studies of university of international business and economicsin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of arts
第四篇：翻译硕士开题报告
一、本选题的国内外研究现状与趋势（文献综述，含前人的研究成果，当前的研究动态、存在的问题和自己的见解，不少于2000字）
“汉语中的最早的修辞一词出现在《易·乾卦·文言》之中，书中提到“君子进德修业。忠信，所以进德也；修辞立其诚，所以居业也，” 是修饰文辞的意思（陈望道，1932）。”陈望道先生所著的《修辞学发凡》是中国第一部系统的修辞学巨著，他认为“修辞是加强言辞或文句效果的艺术手法修饰自己的文章、语言，吸引别人的注意力、加深别人的印象和抒情效果（陈望道，1932）。”“在中国，修辞指的是文辞或修饰文辞。从狭义上讲是指文字修辞；从广义上看包括文章的谋篇布局，遣词造句的全过程（杨树达, 2006）。” 常见的修辞方法有：比喻、比拟、借代、夸张、对偶、排比、设问、反问、反复、衬托、用典、化用、互文等。而西方的修辞学更适合称为修辞艺术或雄辩术，更是指演说的技术。在亚里士多德著作《修辞术》的第一句，他将修辞描述为辩证法的相对物，即是说辩证方法是找寻真理的要素，修辞方法便用作交流真理。由此可见中西方对于“修辞”有着不同的理解。从古希腊修辞学的起源、古罗马公共论辩的兴盛，到中世纪修辞学的萎缩，修辞学研究经历了一段时间的衰落时期，最后在20世纪形成与社会的方方面面相交之的新修辞学。国内也有知名学者致力于西方修辞学的研究。例如：刘亚猛（2004）出版了《追求象征的力量》，这是一部新颖、独特的研究西方修辞学的专著。作者研究了修辞传统、修辞理论和实践，以及哲学、语言、政治、文化、交流等诸多领域，研究修辞的各种表现形式及它们之间的内在联系，探讨了话语权利、说服手段、受众目标等政治、法律、教育、传媒各界关注的热门话题。刘亚猛教授在2008年出版了《西方修辞学史》一书，系统全面地梳理了“西方修辞学”这一源远流长、博大精深的学科之发展脉络与嬗变历程，囊括了亚里士多德、西塞罗、昆提利安等西方历史上最重要、最主要的修辞思想家。作者以一名中国学人的独到视角，对他们的修辞思想和代表作进行了出色的跨文化、跨语境的原创性解读与评述。 韦恩·C.布斯（1921－2005），是美国著名的修辞学家、文学批评家。1961年出版的《小说修辞学》被学术界称为“二十世纪小说理论的里程碑”。他的著作还有《反讽修辞学》（1974）、《批评的理解：多元论的力量与局限》（1979）、《我们所交的朋友：小说伦理学》（1988）、《修辞的修辞学》（2004）等。布斯权威地向我们展示了美国修辞研究从二十世纪中叶以来在理论上取得的成就及其自我认识。国内也有不少学者致力于对韦恩布斯作品及其理论的研究，例如：刘亚猛（2007）研究了韦恩布斯的《关于修辞的修辞》一书，对有效修辞进行求索；汪建峰（2011）介绍了韦恩布斯修辞思想中的“一体两面”即“同意修辞”和“倾听修辞” ；李克； 王湘云（2014）对韦恩·布斯的隐喻观作了梳理与分析,主要阐析了布斯对隐喻的概念本质、评价等方面的理解,分析了布斯的隐喻观与西方修辞学之间的内在关联；等等。
虽然国内有不少学者致力于西方修辞学的研究，但有关于西方修辞学的译作却为数不多。例如有，由罗念生翻译的亚里士多德所著的《修辞学》；王晓朝译的《西塞罗全集》；由颜
一、崔延强所翻译的《修辞术》；穆雷与其学生翻译的《修辞的复兴——韦恩·布斯精粹》；华明与付礼军分别译出了两个不同译版的《小说修辞说》；汪建峰的译作《《中美混合修辞的崛起——兼读中式签语饼》(Reading Chinese Fortune Cookies: The Making of Chinese American Rhetoric) 西方的修辞学译作无疑是人们学习和研究西方修辞思想的重要桥梁。翻译是一项历史悠久的活动。在经济全球化的今天，翻译在世界各国之间文学、艺术、哲学、科学技术、政治经济的频繁交流与往来，维护世界的稳定和持久和平，发挥了不可估量的作用。翻译是不同文化、不同语言的转化，是为了更好地交流与学习。要想翻译出合格的作品，译者在翻译过程中要综合考虑原文本、文化以及目标语读者等因素的基础上采用一定的方法和技巧遣词造句，翻译出让目标语读者能够接受的译文。而修辞学这一类的学术型著作，有较高的理论性、系统性，在翻译的过程中也必须还原出原文的系统性、理论性与逻辑性。刘亚猛教授（2014）在“修辞是翻译思想的观念的母体”一文中，阐述了翻译与修辞密切联系，他认为翻译的“信”与“忠实”本质上是一种修辞构筑
《布斯精粹》（The Essential Wayne Booth）是由韦恩·布斯的弟子在布斯逝世后，收集其文集，编撰整理的。这部文集几乎涵盖了布斯的所有重要主题：从伦理、流行文化和教学，到简·奥斯汀、莎士比亚和巴赫金，并从各个层面展现了这位举足轻重的批评家对文学、修辞学等多个研究领域的重要贡献，其雄辩有力的文风发人深省，振奋人心。《布斯精粹》这本书的第六章节讲的是“反讽”修辞。在这一章节中布斯将“反讽”分为“稳定反讽”和“非稳定反讽”，就反讽的本质及其功能进行深入的探讨。同时他也将修辞视角引入对文学作品中反讽的解读，从修辞的角度探讨反讽叙事。这里的“修辞”不同于传统修辞格,它是指作者、叙述者及读者之间的修辞关系。反讽叙事即作者通过叙述技巧的控制,在文本阅读中形成表里不一暗含嘲弄谐谑的否定效果。反讽叙事是传递不同情感和价值的有力手段,是从作者控制、读者反应和文本呈现三方面展开的。他认为反讽最大的价值在于其修辞效果。
《布斯精粹》这本书是学术类领域的专著，描述对象较为抽象，且书中含有自成体系的修辞学术语，如Rhetrickery(诡辞)、Rhetorology（修辞艺术）等等。正是因为文章学术性的特点，书中每个章节都有大量的长难句，理解起来有一定的难度，翻译成中文时还要兼顾中文的表达习惯，所以翻译起来有一定的难度。
穆雷（2008）与其学生曾一起翻译过The Essential Wayne Booth一书，并把书名译为《修辞的复兴》。笔者认为书中的有些篇章段落翻译得甚好，值得翻译者们借鉴和学习，但也有少许地方不太符合中文的表达习惯。笔者想从《布斯精粹》（The Essential Wayne Booth）一书中选取自己感兴趣的第六章节“The Empire of irony”，做一份翻译实践报告，说明翻译的过程，尤其是解决难点的过程，并与穆雷的此章翻译产生对话，进行对比，提出自己的看法、译法与见解，总结此次翻译任务中的心得体会、翻译过程中的不足，及努力的方向。
第五篇：开题报告英文版
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches. In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
第六篇：英文版开题报告
英文版开题报告模板
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Function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.