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各位游客朋友们:
青海湖,是我国第一大内陆湖泊,也是我国最大的咸水湖。它浩瀚缥缈,波涛壮阔,是大自然赐与青海高原的一面宏大的宝镜。 青海湖导游词
青海湖,古代称为“西海”,又称“鲜水”或“鲜海”。藏语叫做“错温波”,意思是“青色的湖”;蒙古语称它为“库库诺尔”,即“蓝色的海洋”。由于青海湖一带早先属于卑禾族的牧地,所以又叫“卑禾羌海”,汉代也有人称它为“仙海”。从北魏起才更名为“青海”。
青海湖面积达4456平方公里,环湖周长360多公里,比著名的太湖大一倍还要多。湖面东西长,南北窄,略呈椭圆形。乍看上去,象一片肥大的白杨树叶。青海湖程度均深约19米多,最大水深为28米,蓄水量达1050亿立方米,湖面海拔为3260米,比两个东岳泰山还要高。由于这里地势高,气象十分凉快。即使是烈日炎炎的盛夏,日平均气温也只有15℃左中,是幻想的避暑消夏的胜地。
青海湖地处青海高原的东北部,这里地区广阔,草原广袤,河流众多,水草丰美,环境安静。湖的四周被四座巍巍高山所围绕:北面是崇宏壮丽的大通山,东面是巍峨宏伟的日月山,南面是逶迤绵绵的青海南山,西面是峥嵘嵯峨的橡皮山。这四座大山海拔都在3600米至5000米之间。举目环顾,犹如四幅高高的天然屏障,将青海湖紧紧围绕其中。从山下到湖畔,则是广袤平坦、苍茫无际的千里草原,而烟波浩淼、碧波连天的青海湖,就象是一盏宏大的翡翠玉盘平嵌在高山、草原之间,构成了一幅山、湖、草原相映成趣的壮美风光和绮丽风景。
青海湖的不同的季节里,风景迥然不同。夏秋季节,当四周巍巍的群山和西岸广阔的草原披上绿装的时候,青海湖畔山青水秀,天高气爽,风景十分绮丽。广阔起伏的千里草原就象是铺上一层厚厚的绿色的绒毯,那五彩缤纷的野花,把绿色的绒毯点缀的如锦似缎,数不尽的牛羊和膘肥体壮的骢马犹如五彩斑驳的珍珠洒满草原;湖畔大片整齐如画的农田麦浪翻滚,菜花泛金,芳香四溢;那碧波万顷,水天一色的青海湖,好似一泓玻璃琼浆在轻轻荡漾。而寒冷的冬季,当寒流到来的时候,四周群山和草原变得一片枯黄,有时还要披上一层厚厚的银装。每年11月份,青海湖便开端结冰,浩瀚碧澄的湖面,冰封玉砌,银装素裹,就象一面宏大的宝镜,在阳光下熠熠闪亮,终日放射着夺目标光辉。
现在我们来到这座颇似农家小院的院落,如果说刚才我们还感觉到庙宇的庄严,那么现在一定有种重返世俗的轻松感。这就是塔尔寺的印经院。因为寺庙每年都要耗费大量经书,因此,负责印经文的僧人便会整日忙个不停。现在,让我们进房间里来看看他们是在怎样工作的。
佛教传人西藏是从古印度和中国内地两个地区同时传入的,所以藏传佛教经典同时受到二者的双重影响,因此,藏传佛教的典籍便浩如烟海。我们现在想得到汉文的某部佛经,也得想办法从藏语佛经再翻译过来塔尔寺的印经院至今仍然采用比较古老的雕板印刷法,经书的用纸是这种颜色稍暗,韧性极好的棉质纸张,经书开本都不大,多呈长条状,翻阅方便颇具古意。我们读不懂的藏文字规范端庄,秀丽整齐,像是帧帧艺术作品,有种朴素的美感。
从现在开始我们要依次参观一系列最主要的殿堂,它们是塔尔寺的主体建筑群,也是寺中僧人活动的主要场所,请大家先来看一看大经堂。
在藏传佛教寺庙中大经堂是必不可少的,这里是僧人诵经学习进修的地方,遇到活佛莅临的日子,更是僧众聆听介法的场所。进门之前我们先在正门这里看一下这种特殊的工艺品,好像刺绣一样,这种艺术品叫“堆绣”,它是在刺绣之前先垫上一层棉花或羊毛,以求立体效果。这两幅“八仙人物”便是塔尔寺的珍藏品,虽为寺中僧人所制作,但很有民间情趣。因为堆绣制作比较复杂,工艺要求又高,现在寺中已很少有人能制作了,这就更显出这些珍品的可贵了。
目前的大经堂曾经过多次重建和扩建,最后一次完成于民国四年,就是公元192019年,建筑面积2750平方米,是典型的土木结构藏式双层平顶建筑。(从侧门进入大经堂内部)大经堂由这种藏式棱柱分隔成很多小的开间,柱子一共是168要,其中60根为暗柱,建在墙壁内,我们能够看到的只有108根,柱身上包裹着的图案精美的藏毯是蒙古王公的赠品,僧人们就在柱间的这些藏式毯子上,叫做“佛团垫”打坐念经。大经堂的三面墙壁上都布满了佛龛,这一尊是弥勒佛像,有关它的故事我们等会儿再讲。这一尊是十一面观音,在藏传佛教中很多佛像都造型奇特,这主要是由于受到佛教密宗的影响。由于塔尔寺是班禅活佛的管辖范围,他曾多次驾临该寺居住,讲经,所以大经堂当中最显著的位置是留给他的。还有这尊镏金像,便是已故的十世班禅,还有黄教创始人宗喀巴大师的塑像,工艺精湛,形象逼真。这尊幼宗喀巴像在端庄中透出天真,不失儿童的可爱。
Located in the northeast of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, which is known as the "roof of the world", and between Datong mountain, Riyue mountain and Nanshan Mountain in the northeast of Qinghai Province, surrounded by mountains on three sides, it is the largest salt lake in China with magnificent scenery, which was called West Lake in ancient times. The main part of the scenic spot is plateau lake, with grassland, snow mountain, desert and other landscapes.
There are Haixin mountain, three stones, bird island, Haixi mountain and sand island in the lake. The mountains are emerald and the landscape is unique. It is famous for bird island. The lake is 3266 meters above sea level, 90 kilometers long from east to west and 40 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of 4635 square kilometers. The basin area is 10 times larger than that of the lake. There are 50 short rivers flowing in from all sides of the three mountains. There is no access to the sea, so it is also the largest inland lake in China. Qinghai Lake is called "kunuoer" in Mongolian and "cuowenbu" in Tibetan, which means "Blue Lake". The water of Qinghai Lake is characterized by low oxygen content, maximum salt content, few plankton, and transparency of more than 8-9 meters, so it is particularly blue.
The lake area is full of vitality. Yaks and cattle can be seen everywhere, and sheep can eat grass, which constitutes a pastoral picture of "cattle and sheep can be seen in the grass when the wind blows". There are two wonders in the lake area, one is fishing ground, the other is bird island. Qinghu lake is rich in Huangyu, which is a rich natural fishing ground. The Qinghai Tibet Plateau has been a fascinating place since ancient times. The main scenic spots are Haixin mountain and bird island. Bird Island, 10 meters above the lake, is known as the "bird kingdom". Every spring, a large number of seabirds come to Qinghai Lake from India, Nepal and other places to breed. In autumn, they fly back to the South with their children. The state attaches great importance to this kind of bird resources and has set up special protection institutions on the island. Haixin mountain, also known as Longju Island, covers an area of about 1 square kilometer, with beautiful water and beautiful scenery. In the past, people built many temples and houses on Haixin mountain. Some lamas practiced on the island, and many herdsmen came to the island to graze. The "mountain Buddha Temple" has become a unique landscape here.
Qinghai Lake is beautiful and rich, rich in delicious and nutritious fish. There are vast natural pastures along both sides of the lake. It is snowy in winter, rainy in summer and autumn, and has good conditions for the development of animal husbandry. It has become an important animal husbandry base in Qinghai Province.
Qinghai Lake is surrounded by abundant water resources, abundant rainfall, fertile land, flocks of cattle and sheep, and melodious pastoral songs. While vigorously developing animal husbandry, the local people have also fully developed oil and feed based agriculture.
各位游客朋友们:
离开了倒淌河,离开了文成公主的传说。我们前方将要到达的是我们美丽富饶的青海湖。青海湖古称"西海",藏语称为"错温布",蒙古语称为"库库若尔"。大家知道为什么称为"库库若尔"吗相传,古时的青海湖美丽而宽广,但这里一写部落头人却肆意地欺压百姓。有一个叫库库卓尔的英雄解仇释怨,使群众团结和睦,亲如一家,并帮助邻里部落解决危难,度过饥荒。他死后,被天帝封为团结之神,保护善良。从此,蒙古族称青海湖为"库库卓尔",即我们所说的"库哭若尔"。对于青海湖的形成原因,现代地质学研究表明,大约在两千多派万年以前,如今的青藏高原是一片汪洋大海。后来,由于大陆板块挤压,地壳运动,海底渐渐向上隆起,逐渐形成了被称为"世界第三极"的青藏高原。而青海湖则是在地壳隆起过程中断层陷落而形成的。关于它的形成,还有着一些非常有趣的传说。如有的说,这是水晶宫老龙王最小的儿子,引来108条江河的'水汇成的。还有的说,当年孙悟空大闹天空时,与二郎神大战。二郎神被追赶到这里,觉得又饥又渴,发现了此处被石板盖住的神泉。他跑过去大喝一通后,忘了盖上石板,神泉滚滚涌出,汇成了大湖。而此时,孙悟空也已经追上来了。二郎神急忙顺手抓了五块石头,压住泉水。后来这五块石头就变成了湖中的五座小岛。二郎神连做的饭都顾不上吃,拔腿跑时不小心,一脚踢翻了锅。锅里有盐,倒在湖中,从此湖水就变咸了。不止如此,他的盐口袋被扯了个口子,边套边撒,一路漏盐。于是青海湖畔就有了大大小小数不清的盐湖和盐泽。
关于青海湖的传说,我们就讲到这里了。大家请看前面那平嵌在皑皑的雪山和茫茫的草原之间,熠熠发光的宝镜,那就是青海湖了。青海湖面积4400多平方公里,东西长106公里,南北宽63公里,湖水平均深度19米,湖面海拔3260多米,是我国最大的内陆咸水湖。如今,青海湖已经成为青海省四大旅游区之一,初步形成了以观光为主,娱乐,休闲,度假为一体的环湖旅游带。
我们现在所在的就是青海湖的湖滨地区。此处地势平坦开阔,水源充足,气候温和,是理想的避暑胜地。不仅如此,这里还是青海省重要的牧业基地,丰美的牧草,肥沃的土地,养育着这里成群的牛羊。没到夏秋季节,辽阔的草原像披上了一层碧绿的绒毯,各种野花五彩缤纷,将绿色绒毯点缀得如锦似缎。四周大片整齐的农田麦浪翻滚,油菜花一片金黄,散发出沁人肺腑的芬芳。湖面上碧波万倾,白色海鸥追逐着鱼帆在空中翱翔,牧民的帐篷星罗棋布,日出日落的景色更是充满着诗情画意,使人心旷神怡。
青海湖四面环山,它的东面是我们刚刚走过的日月山,北面是崇宏壮丽的大通山,南面是逶迤绵延的青海南山,西面是峥嵘嵯峨的橡皮山。山水相辉映,有构成了一副美丽动人的画卷。
青海湖的魅力不仅在于它的碧草连天,轻波万里,山水相映,及其优美的环境。它还有一些独特的自然现象,如文开湖,武开湖。所谓文开湖,就是指一种表现得比较安静的湖水解冻现象,而武开湖则表现得有如万马奔腾。听我这么说,大家是不是很想去见识一下呢昨天我从有关媒介那得到消息,说是过几天很可能会出现文开湖这一独特的景观。大家如果有兴趣的话,不如在这多呆一两天,亲身去感受一下大自然的神秘莫测。
好,各位游客朋友们,今天我们的青海湖之旅就到此结束了,接下来我们将要参观的地方是被称为"鸟的天堂"的鸟岛。现在大家暂且休息,我们稍后出发。
玉树隆宝自然保护区位于“世界屋脊”青藏高原东部的通天河畔,位置 33°09′~33°17′N,96°24′~96°37′E, 东西长25公里,南北宽约4公里,总面积约100平方公里。青海省玉树县西北部结隆乡境内,距玉树县西北约65公里。海拔 4,100~4,200米。通天河支流益曲在此穿过,形成5个大小不等、水深在0。2—0。4米的湖泊,还有众多的泉水喷涌而出,水量稳定,水质洁净。纵横迂回的溪流,星罗棋布的湖泊沼地把草滩切割成无数大上不等的"沙洲"和"小岛",因此野兽难以进入。是栖息于高原和主要分布于我国的珍禽黑颈鹤的重要繁殖地。1986年7月建立自然保护区,1988年9月由玉树藏族自治州筹建,暂编制7人。它是以鹤类为主的自然保护区,区内有可供鹤类栖息繁殖的湿地约45平方公里。
隆宝湿地为青藏高原东部的川西高山峡谷向高原主体过渡地段上的隆宝滩盆地中部的苔草沼泽地。四周环山,呈“凹”字形,周围山峰高达5,270米。湿地水源来自许多涌泉和七条溪流。成片的湿草、沼泽地围绕着五个水深0。2米至0。3米的明水面,相互渗透构成保护区主体,其周围是些不规则的水坑和松软的草墩。除主河道水深外,蔓延成沼泽滩地的地区,水深一般保持地0。2~0。4米。草墩之间被水隔绝,水坑内鱼、蛙集在,水生生物、浮游生物丰富。湖底有很厚的淤泥层。
本地属高原大陆性气候,干燥寒冷,风大,日照长,辐射强烈。1月份均温—11。1℃极端最低气温—260℃;7月份均温9。3℃,极端气温27。0℃,年均气温—0。4℃;≥0℃,积温1027。4℃,年日照时数2300小时,年总辐射量152。8千卡/平方厘米,年降水量高达730毫米,集中在6~9月,雨、热同期。植物生长期162天。
Dear tourists
Hello everyone! I'm the tour guide of Xuri Hongwen travel company. My name is Jin. Just call me Jin Dao. Now, I'll take you to Qinghai Lake, a famous tourist destination in Qinghai. It's still an hour's journey to Qinghai Lake. During this time, I'd like to introduce Qinghai Lake to you.
Qinghai Lake is the largest salt lake in China. Qinghai Lake was formed by the crustal movement and the mountain collapse. There is also a beautiful legend: there was a girl named Zhuoma. After she got married, her husband went out for a long time, and Zhuoma missed him very much. One day, when Zhuoma was drawing water, her husband came back. Zhuoma forgot to cover the well, so they began to dance. With their beautiful dance, the spring water flowed out continuously, and finally formed Qinghai Lake.
Qinghai Lake is also known as "kukunor", which means "blue sea" in Mongolian. Located in the Qinghai basin in the northeast of Qinghai Province, it is not only the largest inland lake in China, but also the largest saline lake in China. The fault between Datong mountain, Riyue mountain and Nanshan Mountain in Qinghai Province collapsed. Qinghai Lake is one of the most famous natural scenic spots in China.
Qinghai Lake has not only beautiful scenery, but also a delicious food - Huangyu.
Qinghai Lake is rich in delicious and nutritious Huangyu. However, Huangyu only grows one inch a year, which is a national protected species. Due to the decline of water level and arbitrary fishing, we are facing the danger of extinction, so today, we can't eat Huangyu.
Unconsciously, we have come to the lake, now you can get off. The scenery of Qinghai Lake is different in different seasons. In this season, when the majestic mountains around and the vast grassland on the West Bank are dressed in green, the scenery by the Qinghai Lake is very beautiful.
I think you can't wait to see the beautiful scenery. It's time for free activities. Please don't litter. Have a good time!