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Tian’anmen(theGateofHeavenlyPeace),islocatedinthecenterofBeijing.Itwasfirstbuiltin1417andnamedChengtianmen(theGateofHeavenlySuccession).AttheendoftheMingDynasty,itwasseriouslydamagedbywar.WhenitwasrebuiltundertheQingin1651,itwasrenamedTian’anmen,andservedasthemainentrancetotheImperialCity,theadministrativeandresidentialquartersforcourtofficialsandretainers.ThesouthernsectionsoftheImperialCitywallstillstandonbothsidesoftheGate.Thetoweratthetopofthegateisnine-roomwideandfive–roomdeep.AccordingtotheBookofChanges,thetwonumbersnineandfive,whencombined,symbolizethesupremestatusofasovereign.
DuringtheMingandQingdynasties,Tian’anmenwastheplacewherestateceremoniestookplace.Themostimportantoneofthemwastheissuingofimperialedicts,whichfollowedthesesteps:
1)TheMinisterofRiteswouldreceivetheedictinTaihedian(HallofSupremeHarmony),wheretheEmperorwasholdinghiscourt.Theministerwouldthencarrythedecreeonayunpan(trayofcloud),andwithdrawfromthehallviaTaihemen(GateofsupremeHarmony)
2)TheMinisterwouldputthetrayinaminiaturelongting(dragonpavilion).BeneathayellowumbrellaandcarryitviaWumen(MeridianGate),toTian’anmenGatetower.
3)Acourtierwouldbeinvestedtoproclaimtheedict.Thecivilandmilitaryofficialsliningbothsidesofthegatewaybeneaththetowerwouldprostratethemselvesinthedirectionoftheemperorinwaitingforthedecreetotheproclaimed.
4)Thecourtierwouldthenputtheedictinaphoenix-shapedwoodenboxandloweritfromthetowerbymeansofasilkcord.ThedocumentwouldfinallybecarriedinasimilartrayofcloudunderayellowumbrellatotheMinistryofRites.
5)Theedict,copiedonyellowpaper,wouldbemadeknowntothewholecountry.
Suchaprocesswashistoricallyrecordedas“ImperialEdictIssuedbyGoldenPhoenix”.
DuringtheMingandQingdynastiesTian’anmenwasthemostimportantpassage.ItwasthisgatethattheEmperorandhisretinuewouldgothroughontheirwaytothealtarsforritualandreligiousactivities.
OntheWestsideofTian’anmenstandsZhongshanPark(Dr.SunYat-sen’sPark),andontheeastside,theWorkingPeople’sCulturalPalave.TheParkwasformerlycalledShejitan(AltarofLandandGrain),builtin1420forofferingsacrificialitemstotheGodofLand.Itwasopenedtothepublicasaparkin1914anditsnamewaschangedin1928tothepresentoneinmemoryofthegreatpioneeroftheChineseDemocraticRevolution.
TheWorkingPeople’sCulturalPalaceusedtobeTaimiao(theSupremeAncestralTemple),wheretabletsofthedeceaseddynasticrulerswerekept.
ThestreaminfrontofTian’anmeniscalledWaijinshuihe(OuterGoldenRiver),withsevenmarblebridgesspanningoverit.Ofthesesevenbridges,historicalrecordssaythemiddleonewasfortheexclusiveuseoftheemperorandwasaccordinglycalledYuluqiao(ImperialBridge).ThebridgesflankingitoneithersideweremeantforthemembersoftheroyalfamilyandwerethereforecalledWanggongqiao(Royal’sBridges).FartherawayoneachsideofthetwowerebridgesforofficialsrankingabovethethirdorderandwerenamedPinjiqiao(ministerialBridges).TheremainingtwobridgeswerefortheusebytheretinuebelowthethirdorderandwrecalledGongshengqiao(commonBridges).TheyanrtheoneinfrontoftheSupremeAncestralTempletotheeastandtheoneinfrontoftheAltaroflandandGraintothewest.
ThetwostonelionsbytheGateofTian’anmen,oneoneachsideweremeantassentries.Theygazetowardthemiddleaxis,guardingtheemperor’swalkway.InfrontofthegatestandsapairofmarblecolumnscalledHuabiao.Theyareelaboratelycutinbas-relieffollowingthepatternofalegendarydragon.Behindthegatestandsanotherpairofsimilarcolumns.ThestoryofHuabiaomaybetracedtoacoupleofsources.OneoftheversionsaccreditsitsinventiontooneoftheChinesesagekingsnamedYao,whowassaidtohavesetupawoodenpillarinordertoallowtheordinarypeopletoexposeevil-doers,henceitwasoriginallycalledaslanderpillar.Lateritwsreducedtoasignpost,andnowitservesasanornament.
Thebeastsittingonthetopofthecolumniscalled”hou”,alegendaryanimal,whichissaidtohavebeenawatcherofanemperor’sbehaviour.Hewasdoingsuchdutiesaswarningtheemperoragainststayingtoolongoutsidethepalaceorindulginginpleasureandurginghimtogotothepeoplefortheircomplaintsorreturninduetime.Therefore,thetwopairsofbeastsweregiventhenames”Wangjunhui”(Expectingtheemperor’scomingback)and“wangjunchu”(Expectingtheemperor’sgoingout)respectinvely.
Intheolddays,Tian’anmen,asapartoftheImperialCity,wasmeantforimportantoccasions.Thetworowsofchaofang(antechamber),onthesidesbehindthemaingate,wrereservedforcivilandmilitarymembersofthegovernmentwaitingforimperialaudienceandinfrontofthegate,wereofficesofimperialadministration.
OnOctober1,1949,chairmanMaoZedongproclaimedonTian’anmenRostrumthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.SincethenTian’anmenhasbeenthesymbolofNewChinea.ChairmanMao’sportraitishungabovethecentralentrance,flankedbytwoslogans:”LongLivetheGreatUnityofthePeoplesoftheWorld”.Today,thesplendourofTian’anmenattractsmillionofvisitorsfromallovertheworld.TheRostrumonitstopwasopenedin1988tothepublicforthefirsttimeinitshistory.ItoffersapanoramicviewoftheSquareandthecityproper.
SituatedduesouthofTian’anmen,theSquarehasanareaof44hectares(109acres)thatcanaccommodateasmanyasonemillionpeopleforpublicgatherings.IthaswitnessedmayhistoricaleventsinChina’smodernhistoryandisaplaceforcelebrationsonsuchfestivedaysasinternationalLabourDayonMay1standnationalDayonOctober1st.
AroundtheSquareareseveralfamousbuildings:
1TheGreatHallofthePeople
Thisisoneofthelargestcongressionalbuildingsintheworld.Builtin1959,thehallconsistsofthreeparts:a10,000-seatauditoriuminthecenter,abanquethallinthenorthwingfacingChang’anStreet,withaseatingcapacityof5,000,andofficesfortheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeoples’CongressofChinainthesouth.Inaddition,thirty-fourreceptionchambersarenamedaftervariousprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyundetheCentralGovernment,plusHongKongandMacao.Eachisdifferentfromtheotherindecorationandfurnishingstostresstheirlocalfeatures.
2TheMuseumofChineseHistoryandtheMuseumoftheChineseRevolution
Thesetwomuseumswerealsobuiltin1959.themuseumofChineseHistoryhousesapermanentexhibitioninfourparts,coveringtheentireprocessofChinesehistoryspanningfrom1.7millionyearsagoto1919:
1)ThePrimitiveSociety(1.7millionyearsagotothe21stcenturyBC);
2)TheSlaveSociety(21stcenturyBCto476BC.);
3)TheFeudalSociety(475BC.To1840AD.);
4)TheSemi-ColonialandSemi-FedualSociety(1840to1919.)
TheMuseumoftheChineseRevolutioncoverstheperiodfrom1919to1949.
3TheMonumenttothePeople’sHeroes
themonumentwasbuiltinmemoryofthousandsofmartyrswhodiedfortherevolutionarycauseoftheChinesepeople.ItsconstructionbeganonAugust1,1952andwasnotcompleteduntil1958.intheformofanobelisk,theMonumentasmadeofmorethan17,000piecesoftraniteandwhitemarble.ThepurplepieceinlaidinthefrontoftheMonumentwasbroughtfromQingdao,ShandongProvince.Itis38meters(124ft8in)high,theloftiestofitskindeverseeninthecountry.Notonlyisitanhistoricmemorialforimmortalheroes,butalsoitisanartisticworkofexcellentarchitecturalvalue.
OnthefrontsideoftheMonumentisanengravedinsc-riptioninChinesecharacterswrittenbyChairmanMaoZedong,whichreads”EternalGlorytothePeople’sHeroes!”.OnthebackoftheMonumentisanarticlewrittenbyChairmanMao,butinChinesecalligraphybythelatePremierZhouEnlai.
AtthetopoftheMonumentareeightgiganticcarvedwreathesofsuchflowersaspeony,lotusandchrysanthemum,symbolizingnobility,purity,andfortitude.AtthebaseofthemonumentareeightmarblereliefsdepictingtheChinesehistoriceventssince1840.Theyare:
1)TheBurningofOpiumin1840:
2)Theuprisingof1851inJintian,Guangxi;
3)TheRevolutionof1911;
4)TheMayFourthMovementof1919;
5)TheMay30thMovementof1925;
6)TheUprisingof1927inNanchang,Jiangxi;
7)TheWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseAggressionfrom1937to1945;
8)TheVictoriousCrossingovertheYangtzeRiverbythePeoples’sLiberationArmyin1949.Thisreliefisflankedbytwosmallerones—“SupplyingtheFront”and“GreetingtheP.L.A.”.
4ChairmanMao’sMausoleum
ChairmanMaoZedong,thefounderofthePeople’sPepublicofChina,passedawayonSepember9,1976.Incommemorationofthisgreatman,amausoleumbegantobeconstructedinNovember1976,andwascompletesinAugustthefollowingyear.TheMausoleumwasofficiallyopenedonSeptember9,1977.
Themausoleumissurroundedbyfourgroupsofsculpture.EastofthenorthernentranceisthesculpturedepictingtheperiodoftheNewDemocraticRevolution(1919-1949),andwestofitistheonesignifyingthegreatachievementsoftheChinesepeopleduringtheperiodofslcialistrevolutionandconstructionsince1949.Thesculpturesinfrontofthesoutherngatearefiguresofworkers,peasantssoldiers,intellectuals,techniciansandchildren.
InsidetheMausoleumarethreemainsections:AwhitemarblestatueofChairmanMaoismountedonaplatforminthefrontlobby.Onthewallbehindthestatueisa24-metre-long(79-foot-long)tapestry,afineneedlepointworkwithbeautifullandscapesofthecountry.
Inthemainhallthereisacrystalcoffin,inwhichChairmanMao’sbodyliesstatelywiththeCommunistParty’sflagcoveringoverhim.
Onthewallofthesouthernlobby,apoembyChairmanMaoandinhisowncalligraphyisinscribedingoldinlay.Itexpresseshisfullgreatexpectationsforthecountry.
Tian’anmenSquarehasnowcompleteditsrenovationaftereightmonths’hardworktowelcomethe50thanniversaryofthePeople’sRepublicin1999.