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Welcomeeveryonetocomehere,letmeintroduceforeverybody!Hangzhouhasalonghistory,asearlyasfouryearsago,intheNeolithicAgeinHangzhouarea,ourancestorshavemultiplied,andhascalledthe"dawnofcivilization"Liangzhuculture.HangzhouisoneofthesevenancientcapitalsofChina(Beijing,Nanjing,Xi'an,Luoyang,Kaifeng,AnyangandHangzhou),andisalsooneofthebirthplacesofChinesecivilization.BeforetheXiaDynasty,accordingtolegend,DayutoKuaiji(nowShaoxingcounty)totheprincesofthegeneralassembly,inthe"homeshang(Hangzhou)landing",because"YuHang",afterthe"Yuhangmyth".DuringthespringandAutumnperiod,thetwocountriescontendforhegemony,HangzhoufirstbelongedtoWu,andafterthedestructionofWu,WuYuebelongedtovietnam.IntheWarringStatesperiod,HangzhouwasplacedintheterritoryofChustateaftertheChuDynastywasdestroyed.QinwangZhengtwenty-fiveyears(222BC),QinMiechu,todaytheTangxianCountyHangzhouregionalmoney,alsobelongtothehomeYuhangCounty,Kuaijicounty.
HangzhousincetheQinDynastysetupcounty,has2200yearsofhistory.Suikaihuangnineyears(589years)wastemoneyTangCounty,Hangzhou,Hangzhouforthefirsttimeinhistory.DuringtheTangDynasty,EmperorWudefouryears(AD621years),YuhangCountyofHangzhou,inordertoavoidthetaboo,insteadofmoneyfortheQianTangCountyofTangxianCounty.HangzhouwasthefivegenerationofWuYueintheSouthernSongDynastyandthetwogenerationofcapital.TheperiodoftheFiveDynasties,WuYueintheSoutheast(referstothefeudaldynastyhadhadlosttheCentralPlainsandGouonlypartoftheterritory),thecapitalofHangzhou.AtthetimeofHangzhousaidtheWestorwest,stategovernanceinQianTang.GaozongJianyanthreeyears(AD1129),inordertoavoidtheemperorfromYangzhousouthtoHangzhouJinbing,tothestategovernmentforthepalace,HangzhouLing'anPrefecture,alsoknownasthe"lineinthe".Shaoxingeightyears(1138),theofficialcapitalofLing'an,whichlastedmorethan140years.
Mydearfriends,whenyoucometoacity,youprobablywanttovisitthemostfamousscenicspotsofspecialinterest.Nanjinghasmanyplaceofhistoricinterestsandhasbeencapitalforsix“dynasties.”ButifyouleaveNanjingwithoutvisitingDr.SunYat-sen`sMausoleum,undoubtedlyyouhavemissedthemostarrestingandfamoustouristattractionofthecity.
TalkingabouttheMausoleumweshouldhaveanideaaboutSunYat-sen,thegreatpioneerofChinesedemocraticrevolution.Mr.Sun`soriginalnameisSunWenandstyledhimselfYat-sen.Soforeignfriendswouldcallhim“Dr.SunYat-sen”.Sincehetook“WoodcutterinZhoushan”ashisaliaswhenhetookpartintherevolutionaryactivities,hewasrespectfullyandwidelycalledMr.SunZhongshaninChina.OnOctober12,1866,Mr.Sunwasborninafarmer`sfamilyinCaihengvillageofXiangshancounty(thepresent-dayzhongshangCity),GuangdongProvince.Whenhewasstillyoung,hehadgreatexpectations.HestudiedmedicineinHonolulu,HongKongandsomeotherplacesandaftergraduationheworkedasapractitionerinGangzhou,MacaoandotherplacesLaterhegaveupmedicineashisprofessiontotakepartinpoliticalactivities.In1905,hesetupChinaAllianceOrganizationinJapanandhewaselectedpresident.Heputforwardthefamousguidingprinciple-“drivingtheinvadersout,restoringthesovereigntyofChina,establishingarepublicandequalizingthelandownership”andtheThreePeople`sPrinciples-“Nationalism,DemocracyandthePeople`sLivelihood.”OnOctober10,1911,theWuchanguprisingbrokeoutandDr.SunaselectedInrterimPresidentoftheRepublicofChinabyrepresentativesfromseventeenprovinces.OnthefollowingNewYear`sday(January1,1912)Mr.SuntooktheoathofofficeinNanjing.Fromthenon,Mr.SunexperiencedYuanShikai`susurpation,theSecondRevolution,“CampaignProtectingtheInterimConstitution.”In1921,Mr.SuntookthepositionofPresidentinUnusualTimesinGuangzhou.AtthefirstNationalCongressofKuomintangheldinQuangzhouin1924,heperfectedtheoriginalThreePeople`sPrinciplesandputforwardThreepeople`sNewPrinciples.Healsoproposedthepoliciesof“MakinganalliancewithRussiaandtheCommunistPartyofChinaandhelpingthefarmersandworkers.”InNovember1924,inspiteofhisillness,Mr.SunwentuptoBeijingtodiscussstateaffairswithGeneralFengYuxiang.
Unfortunately,hebrokedownfromconstantoverworkandpassedawayonMarch12,1925.
ThelocationoftheMausoleumwaschosenbyMr.Sunhimself.Hereisexactlyagoodplacetobuildamausoleum.Youmaywonder:Mr.SunwasborninGuangdongbutdiedinBeijing.ForhiswholelifehetraveledthroughoutChinafortherevolution.WhydidhechooseNanjingasthevenueofhistomb?
ItissaidthatfarbeforeMr.Suntookofficein1912,theabbotofLinguMonasteryhadrecommendedhimthathisplaceisgoodforfengshui,becauseitfacestheplainandisbackedupbygreenmountainsasitsprotectivescreen.OnMarch31,1912Mr.UnresignedasapoliticalcompromiseforthesakeoftheunionoftheNorthChinaandtheSouthChina.OnedayoftheearlyApril,hewenthuntingwithHuHanminaroundthePietyTombofMingDynasty.TheytookarestintheplacewehretheMausoleumislocatednow.Mr.Sunlookedaroundandsaid“IFpossibleIwouldlikemycountrymentoallowmetohavethisplacetoburymycoffin.”Surely,thefengshuioftheZijingMountainisnotthebasicreasonforthelocationofMr.Sun`smausoleum.Thebasicreasonisthat,hesaidondying“Aftermydeath,youcanburymeatthefootoftheZijinMountaininNanjinginmemoryoftheRevolutionof1911,becauseNanjingiswherethetemporarygovernmentwasfounded.”SoalthoughMr.SunstayedinNanjingnotalongtime,ithadaspecialmeaningtohim.Fundamentallyspeaking,thereasonhechoseZijingMountainashispermanentresting-placeistocommemoratetherevolutionof1911andtoencouragetherevolutionaries.
InordertorespectMr.Sun`swish,thePreparatoryCommitteeofSunYat-sen`sFuneral,includinghiswifeSongQinglingandhissonSunke,examinedtheareaandchosethesitefortheMausoleum.Theydelimited2000muandofferedarewardinnewspaperforthebestdesignoftheMausoleum.Amongallthecontribution,youngarchitectLuYanzhi`sdesign,adesignintheshapeofabell,washighlypraisedandgainedthefirstprizeandhehimselfwasinvitedtosupervisethewholeprojectaswell.
OnMarch12,1926,thefirstanniversaryofMr.Sun`sdeath,theprojectgotstartedand3yearslater,itwascompletedinspringof1929.Itcost1.5millionsilvercollarstotally.
Unfortunately,LuYanzhi,theyoungarchitectwithgreatgift,sufferedwhensupervisingtheproject,anddiedat35,justbeforethecompletionoftheMausoleum.ThecompletionceremonywasheldonJune1,1929andMr.Sun`sremainswastransportedfromBeijingtoNangjing.Fromthenon,Mr.Sunhassleptherefornearly70years.
TheconstructionofDr.SunYat-sen`sMausoleumwasanimportanteventinthehistoryofNanjing.InordertomeetMr.Sun`scoffin,thefirstasphaltroadwasbuiltfromZhongshanPortinthewesttoZhongshanGateintheeast;itis12kilometresinlengthandalsocalledZhongshanRoad.Uptotoday,ZhangshanRoadisstilloneofthemostimportantmainroads.Atthesametime,thecitygateChaoyangGatewhichwasbuiltinMingDynastywasrenovatedandChangeditsnametoZhongshanGate.BetweenZhongshangGateandDr.SunYat-sen`sMausoleum,aroadcalledtheMausoleumRoadwasbuilt.JustasthepeopleofParistakeprideoftheirlesChamps-ElyseesandthepeopleofNewYork,theFifthAvenue,thenanjingpeopleareprondoftheirboulevards.Andthe3kilometerslongMausoleumRoadisundoubtedlythebestrepresentativeoftheseboulevards.Alongbothsidesofthe“greencorridor”growsthemainkindoftreeinNanjingasparasolsUsuallyChinesepeoplecallthemFrenchplanetrees,infacttheyareChineselocalproducts.JustbecauseFrenchmentookthemfromYunnanProvincetoFranceandlatertheytransplantedthemintheirleasedterritoryinShanghai,thatiswhytheygotsuchaname.
Now,wearegoingoutoftheZhongshanGateanddrivingalongtheMausoleumRoad.Thedestinationaheadisasquareinshapeofcrescent,AccordingtoLuYanzhi`sdesign,theplaceoftheMausoleumislikea“duo”,abigwoodenbell,whichwasusedtoannounceapolicy,decreeorawarinancienttime.Duo`ssoundisloudandclear,implyingtomakethewholeworldpeacefulandhappy.ThedesignremindsthepeopleofDr.SunYat-sen`swell-knownsaying“Therevolutionisfarfromsuccessandweshouldcontinueworkinghard.”Thissayingalsoservessanalerttothelatergeneration.Thecrescent-shapedsquareisthebottomofthe“BellofFreedom”.
Now,pleaselooktothesouth.ThereisaoctagonplatformstructuredwithreinforcedconcretebutcoveredwithJinshanstoneofSuzhou.Theplatformisdividedintothreelayersandeachlayerisenclosedbystonerails.Thecopper“ding”(anancientcookingvessel)withtwoloopedhandlesandtwolegsweighs5000kg.ITis4.25metershighanditsdiameteris1.23meters.Itisoneoftheconstructionformemoryofthemausoleum.The“ding”wasbuiltinautumn,1933withdonationofstudentsandteachingstaffoftheZhongshanUniversityandMr.Daijitao.Onesideofthe“ding”isengravedwiththreecharacters“Intelligence,HumanityandBrevity”.ThesethreewordsaretheschoolinstructionofZhongshanUniversity.Insideofthe“ding”standsahexagoncoppertabletonwhichDaiJitao`smother`shandwritingofthe“FilialPiety”isengraved.Tothebell-shapedmausoleumthe“ding”isjustlikethependulum.Itseemstoservetoalarmthewholenationbystrikingthebell.
Steppingonthesteps,wewillseeasoaringmemorialarchwaywithfourcolumns.Thearchwaywasbuiltbetween1931and1933,12metershightand17.3metersinwidth.ItismadeofhugeGranitefromFujianProvince,butitsstructureisinChinesetraditionalwoodstructurestyle.Now,lookupattheshiningwordsinscribedonthehorizontalboard.ThewordinEnglishmeanfraternity.TheywerewrittenbyDr.SunYat-sen.ThewordaretakenfromaTangDynastypoetHanYu`s“Fraternityishumanity”.ItissaidthatMr.Sunverymuchlikedtowritethesetwowordstoothers.Dr.Sundevotedhiswholelifetobourgeoisdemocraticrevolutionwithgreatfraternityandstruggledforthenationalindependenceandfreedomfroscoresofyears.Sowecansaythat“fraternity”isthebestgeneralizationofhislife.
FurtherfromtheFraternityArchway,thereisaroadleadingtothemausoleum.Theroadis480meterslonganddozensofmeterswide.ThewholedesignofthemausoleumgivesprominencetoChinesetraditionalstyle,grand,solemnandspecific.InordertoembodythegreatnessofMr.Sun,theMausoleumfollowedtheexampleofancientmausoleumsandwasbuiltagainstmountainsandthecoffinchamberwasplacedatthetopofthemountainthatis160metershigh.Inaddition,theplantsoftheMausoleumaresymmetric,whichmakeitfeelmoresolemn.Now,pleaselookforwardtothenorth,alongthehillside,situatethemausoleumGate,theStelePavilion,theMemorialHallandthecoffinchamberrightbehind.Thepines,cypresses,ginkgoesandmaplesonthebothsidesoftheroadrepresentMr.Sun`srevolutionaryspiritandloftyquality.Theytaketheplaceofstatuesandstonebeastswhichusuallyflankedthesacredroadinancienttimes.Amongthetrees,cedarisoneofthe“fourkindsoftreeforappreciation”andhasbeenhonoredasthetreeofNanjingCity.ThegrandarchwayattheendoftheMausoleumRoadistheformalbeginningofthemausoleumarea.ITis16metershigh,27meterswideand8.8metersdeep.ItismadeofgranitefromtheFujianProvince,too.InscribedonthehorizontalboardofthemiddlepassageisDr.SunYat-sen`shandwriting.Itmeansthatthestatedoesn`tbelongtoonefamilybutbelongstotheentirenationandthecommonpeople.ThisisthegoalforwhichMr.SunstruggledforhiswholelifeanditisalsotheexcellentexplanationoftheDemocracyoftheThreePeople`sPrinciples.WehavepassedthegateoftheMausoleum,theninfrontofusistheStelePavilion.The9-meterhighsteleinthemiddleofthepavilionwasengravedwith24gold-platingcharactersofYanZhenqingstyle,“ChineseKMTburiedPremierSunhereonJune1,18thyearoftheRepublicofChina”.ThesewordswerewrittenbyoneofthefoundermembersofKMT,TanYankai.Whentalkingaboutsettingupastele,WangJingweiandHuHanminwerearrangedtowriteaninscriptionforMr.Sun,buttwoyearspassed,yetnothingtheycouldwrite.BecausetheythoughtthatMr.Sun`smeritscouldn`tbegeneratedbyword,thentheychosetousethepresentfromtopraiseDr.Sunwithoutengravinganinscription.
Goingoutofthepavilion,we`llseenumerouslayersofsteps.ThepeopleofNanjingoftensaythatthestepsintheMausoleumwareasnumberasthestonelionsonLugouBridge(knownforWesternersasMarcoPoloBridge).Sowhencomingheretouristsusuallyask,“howmanystepsoneartharethereintheMausoleum?”Myfriends,ifyouareinterestedyoucancountthem.
Nowwearecomingnearthetopplatform.Look,therearetwobigcopper“ding”.TheywerecontributedbyShanghaimunicipalgovernmentofthattime.Now,pleaselookcarefully.Therearetwoholesinthebottomoftheleft“ding”.Why?Justletmetellyou.Inlate1937,whentheJapanesearmyattackedNanjing,theirshootinglefttwoholesintheleftding.Now,althoughthecircumstanceshavechanged,thetwoholesalwaysremindChinesepeoplenottoforgetthenationalhumiliation.Notfaraway,therearetwobronzedingsinancientstyle.TheyarepresentedbyMr.Sun`ssonSunKeandhisfamily.
Ascendingthesteps,nowwehavereachedthetopoftheplatform.Herewecanhaveabird-viewofwhatitisinthedistance.TheMemorialHallisthehalfwayuptothemountainandtherearealtogether392stepscoveredifyoucountfromthearchwayofFraternity.Theverticaldistanceis70metersbuttheplanedistanceis700meters.IfyoucountthestepsfromtheStelePavilion,thenumberofstepsis290.Inordertoavoidmonotone,thearchitectdividedthe392stepsinto10partsandeveryparthasaplatformandtherearetotally10suchplatforms.Moremarvelous,ifyoulookupfromthebottom,youcanseethatthestepsextendtothetopwithoutstopandyoucantseeanyplatform.Butifyoulookdownfromthetop,youonlyseetheplatforms.Thenumberofthesteps,392,isnotarandomnumber,itimpliedthenumberofChinesepopulationatthattime-392million.
NowweareinfrontoftheMemorialHallandthecoffinChamber.TheyarethemajorpartsoftheMausoleum.TheconstructionofthesetwobuildingwassupervisedthenbyLuYanzhi,thegiftyoungdesigner.Ifiswhenhewasdoingthesetwobuildinghediedofcancer.Sowhenthelatergenerationmentionhimtheywouldoftensay,“Itisagreatpityhediedbeforehiscompletesuccess.”ThestructureoftheSacrificedHallisofaancientwoodenpalacestyle.Itis30meterslong,25meterswideand29meterhigh,surroundedbysmallerconstructionsoffortressstyleandtwo12.6-meter-highcloudcolumns.Itsroof,withdouble-eavesandnineridges,iscoveredwithblueglaretiles.TheoutsideofwalliscoveredwithgranitefromHongkong.Theinscriptiononthehorizontalboardisengravedwithsealcharacterscutinrelief-“Naturalism”“Democracy”and“Thepeople`slivelihood”.ThesearethemostbasicandgeneralguidingprinciplesofMr.Sun`srevolutionaryactivities.Above“Democracy”,thereisahorizontalinscriptionboardwithSun`shandwritingonit,“FilltheWorldwithJustice”.
PleasefollowmeintotheMemorialHall.TheflooriscoveredwithwhiteandblackmarblefromYunnanProvince.ThecolorsofwhiteandblackareamongthetraditionalcolorforburialceremoniesinChina.Thereare12blackstonecolumns,with0.8meterasthediameterforeach.Youwillseethattheinteriorsofthewallsaroundareinsetwithblackmarble.NowyoucanhavealookatMr.SunYat-seen`shandwritingof“ProgrammeforFoundingaState”,engravedontheeastandwestwalls.ThemaincolorsoftheHallareblack,whiteandblue,whichareusedtoexpressfilialpietyinChina.Theinsidewindowsareinlaidwithsmaltos.Theypresentwesternflavorsespeciallywithfloodsofsunshine.ThestyleofthewholestructureisablendoftheEastandtheWest,representingthewellblendeddoctrineofDr.SunYat-sen.
InthemiddleisthesittingstatueofDr.SunYat-seninarobe.Itis4.6metershighandthebottomis2.1meterswide.ItwassculptedbythefamousFrenchsculptorPaulArinskywhosenativecountryisPoland.HewasentrustedbythecommitteeofDr.SunYat-sen`sFuneralforsculptingit.HechosetheItalianmarbleasthematerialforthestatue.In1930,thesculpturewassenttotheMausoleumfromParis.Itstotalcostwas1.5millionfrancs.ThesicreliefbelowarepicturesdepictingMr.Sun`slifeandrevolutionaryactivities.
PassingthroughtheHall,wehavecometotheCoffinChamber.Therearetwodoorsthatyouneedtogetthrough.TheouterdoorconsistsoftwoAmerican-madesafetydoorleafswhicharemadeofcopper.ThenailsonthemandthemysteriousbeastsonthecopperloopsaretypicaloftraditionalChinese.Thehorizontalinscriptionboardwasengravedwith“Thenoblespiritwillneverperish”whichwasSun`shandwritingforthe72martyrs`tombinHuanghuaMoundofGuanzhou.Thesecounddoorisasinglecopperleafengravewithsevencharacters“Mr.SunYat-sen`stomb”whichwerewrittenbyZhangJingjiang.
Thetombisahalfglobeinshape.ThedesignofKMTemblemismosaickedinthevaulteddome.Theflooroftheroundroomiscoveredwithmarble.Theroom`sdiameteris18metersandtheheightis11meters.Thewallsarecoveredwithpinkmarbles.Thecircularmarblepitis1.7metersdeepand4.35metersindiameter.Itisenclosewith1-meter-highwhitemarblerails.InthepitlaysDr.SunYat-senlyingstatueinZhongshanSuit.ThisissculptedinaccordancetoMr.Sun`sremainsbyaCzechoslovakiansculptor.Hiscoppercoffinislyingabout5metersbelowthesculpture.YoumayaskwhyonearththeclothesDr.Wearsforthesittingstatuearetotallydifferentfromthoseforthelyingone?Inthoseyears,theleftistsandtherightistsinsideoftheKMThadsevereconflicts.Therightists,headedbyChangKai-shekwantedtorestoretheancientwaysandopposedrevolution.TheyinsistedthatMr.Sunshouldwearlongrobe,whiletheleftistsinsistedhewearZhongshanSuit.Sincetheyhaddifferentopinionsthusthetwostatueshavedifferentclothesstyles.
Myfriends,I`mafraidyoumustbeconcernaboutwhetherMr.Sunremainsareinthetombornot.Infact,hisremainshadaunusualexperience.Afterhisdeath,hisremainweredealtwithantisepticandplacedinBiyunMonasteryinBeijinginMarch,1925.WhenthewarlordZhangZongchangwasdefeatedbytheNorthExpeditionaryArmyandwithdrewtoBeijingin1926,heascribedhisfailuretoMr.Sun`sremainsanddecidedtoburnthem.ItisthepatrioticgeneralZhangXuelianwhosenttroopstoprotecttheremains.Unfortunatelytheywereonceexposedtotheairthoughtheyweresafeagain.OnMay28,1929,Mr.Sun`scoffinwassenttoPukoufromBeijingbyJinpuRailway,andonJune1itreachedtheMausoleum.AftertheGrandCeremonyofFeng`an,thecoffinandtheremainswereputintothepitandusedcementtoconcreteit.Thebottomofthetombisgranite.Underthecoppercoffin,thereisaspeciallymadewoodenpadandenclosingthecoffinisawell-sealedcrystalbox.AfterthebreakoutoftheResistanceWaragainstJapan,KMTgovernmentplanedtotransporttheremainstoChongqingandattheendoftheliberationwar,ChangKai-shekplanedtotransportittoTaiwanthistime.Becauseitwasnotaeasyjobtotakethecoffinoutandtheworkmightdodamagetotheremainsaswell,thisplanwasfiercelyattackedbytheengineeringfieldandtheleftwingoftheKMT.AtlastChanggaveuptheplan.Sotheremainshavestayedheresafelyuptotoday.
PassingthroughthedoorinthebackwallofthesquareoutsideyouwillarriveattheMausoleumPark.Thebackwalloftheparkisa“ExhibitionofConstructionofDr.SunYat-sen`sMausoleum”.TheExhibitioncontainsnearly200precioushistoricmaterialswhichshowtheconstructionoftheMausoleumandtheprocessofthetransportationofMr.Sun`sremains.
Besidethemainstructure,therearealsosomeconstructionsaroundtheMausoleumbuiltinmemoryofMr.Sun.Mostoftheconstructionsarebuiltafter1929withthedonationofthosefrombothalltradesinChinaandoverseasChinese.TheFraternityPavilionontopofthePlumHillisbuiltwiththedonationofaTaiwanesecompatriot.ITwascompletedonNovember12,1993,the127thanniversaryofMr.Sun`sbirthday.
Ladiesandgentlemen.Mr.SunstruggledforabetterChinaforhiswholelifeandoverthrewmonarchfeudalistsystemwhichlastedformorethan2000years.Hecarriedoutthethreeprincipalpoliciesof“MakinganalliancewithRussiaandtheCommunistPartyofChinaandhelpingthefarmersandworkers”inhislaterdays.ThegreatfeatMr.Sunhasachievedhasgainedgreatrespectandpraisefrompeoplefrombothhomeandabroad.Afterliberation,bothcentralandlocalgovernmentshaveexertedgreateffortsinpreservingthisexcellentheritage.
Now,asoneofthe“TopFortyTouristResortsinChina”Dr.SunYat-senMausoleumreceivesnumerousChineseandinternationalfriendseveryyears.PeoplecomeheretopayhomagetoMr.Sun.Today,theunificationhasbecomethemaintendencyintermsoftherelationsbetweentheChineseonbothsidesoftheStraits.IbelievethatmostChinesepeople,frombothhomeandabroad,areexpectingfromthebottomofheartthecomingofthedaywhenourcountryisunitedandgettingmoreprosperous.Atthattime,whenhearingthis.Dr.Sunwouldsmileandbesatisfiedforsureintheotherworld.OK,thankyouverymuchforyourcooperation.Goodbyeandgoodluck!
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