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时光飞逝,转眼间为期两个月的实习生活在不知不觉中落下了帷幕。在这段时间里,我学到了很多在大学课堂里根本学不到的东西,也体验到了很多人生中从未有过的经历。回首这两个月以来,真的是酸甜苦辣什么滋味都有,而正是这些滋味见证了自己一点点的进步. 实习开始,我的心情和所有参加实习的同学一样,心中充满了兴奋与憧憬,想象着在实习学校大显身手,大展宏图。这段时间里,我的情绪波动也是挺大的。由开始的担心到后面的不舍,在和老师学生了解后,觉得很舍不得那些可爱的学生,以及热情帮助我的指导老师。 回顾两个月的实习生活自己学到了很多东西,我的心中充满了成就感, 记得上第一节课时,我当时特别紧张,带着羞涩与忐忑匆忙地走上了讲台,尽管我做了许多准备工作,当我面对那么多双眼睛时,我不由的紧张了,但我在最难的时刻内努力使自己平静下来,要理顺思路开始上第一堂课,接着就是知道老师交代的教学步骤进行着,由于学生都很配合,所以整堂课还是挺顺利地完成了教学任务。课后我走到学生中间去,问他们是否听得懂,有没有什么疑问,有没有什么意见或建议。
以后的每次上课,我都会备好课:备教材,备课标,备学生。我先自己写好教案,写好teaching plan,与其他组员再一起讨论,试讲。同时,在临睡前,第二天在去实习学校的公交车上,以及上课前15分钟,我都会在脑子里回顾下将要上的课的基本教学步骤。到
实习学校,我都会将要上的课的教学目标,教学重难点,以及教学步骤和导师说下,让导师给我意见和建议。我觉得这点是很重要的。特别是我们对学生已有的认知水平不了解。这个时候张老师就会告诉我,这个知识点学生已学过了,只要复习下即可,或对学生还是新知识,需要详细讲。同时导师们都比较有经验,他们了解学生,知道什么样的方式学生易于接受。所以我每次上课前,都会先请教导师然后才上讲台。上完课,我都会与导师,与其他实习生交流,让他们给我评价。在回学校的车上,我也会反思下今天的教学以及和导师,和学生的相处情况,回到宿舍,写下反思日志,反思并总结一天的情况。反思自己课上做得好的地方以及不足之处并想出解决办法。第二天上课时,我就特别注意提醒自己不要犯同样的错误。同时,我也经常去听其他组员的课,把自己的课与他们的进行比较,找出值得自己学习的地方。此外,我也积极参加了英语组的集体备课活动。在备课过程中,我也积极发表了自己的一些设计想法。有些想法也得到了导师们的认可与采纳。导师们还说不愧是陈老师带出来的啊,我听了也觉得很自豪。当然在与导师的交流中,有时也会出现自己的想法和导师的发生问题。这时,我就会仔细分析问题的根源,分析导师的观点,然后尽量把两者的精华相结合。如,在上Unit 6备课时,课文中出现了wool,cook,foot,wood,look,book cool等单词时,尤其是字母“oo”这个发音,在什么情况下读长音/u:/,什么情况下读短音/u/;张老师说讲的不是很清楚,这时我想出了一条好的记忆方法,就是“毛厨师踩着木头看书”,除此之外都读长音/u:/,在讲课的时候学生都感觉
记起来很容易;出国留学老师听完课说讲的还不错。张老师经常都会强调板书设计。他说因为学生只有了解了教师的习惯之后,才能更快地吸收知识。记得有两天,我因为事太忙了,备课不充分,上课时出现了一些错误,张老师很严肃地给我指出来,从那以后我每次上课前就是熬夜,也要把课准备充分之后才休息。总之,对于导师的意见,我都会虚心接受的,我从来没有表现出厌烦或不满的情绪。因为,我牢记陈老师在动员大会上说的:别人给你提意见是你的幸运,是想帮助你。我觉得这句话很有道理。
同时,在教学过程中,我会刻意地去记住每个学生的名字,并叫出他们的名字,因为学生会觉得如果老师能记住他们的名字说明老师重视他们。而且对每个学生的性格、特点我都大概有所了解。不管是上课提问还是课后的交流时,我是叫他们的名字。班上有一名学生只有英语不好,其他都很棒,通过和班主任了解,我发现他是由于不喜欢英语,从而怕英语,所以就学不好英语,因此对自己就没有了信心。于是,我利用下午放学的时间留下来给他补课,并引导他慢慢地主动学英语,结果在第四次月考时他的成绩提高了十几分。他自己也很高兴。在留言中,他希望我继续关心他的学习。在帮助他的同时,也有很多其他本来不爱学英语的学生也主动来办公室要求要一起学习。张老师和王老师都说现在他们的学习兴趣提高了,并且,成绩也有了进步。
另外,我发现学生对老师的评语其实是很重视的。而我发现自己在课上只会说:very good, good ,excellent这种评价学生根本
不知道自己的优点在哪里,甚至有可能对老师的表扬产生听觉疲劳,“麻木不仁”,久而久之,也就不当回事了。因此每一次表扬一定要从具体的一点出发,确确实实地抓住学生的闪光点进行表扬。因此我就尽量用各种方式表扬学生。如批改作业时,有进步的学生,我会给他们一个笑脸,或写:有进步哦,继续努力!无论如何,我都会尽量想办法找出他们的优点,给与及时表扬,并对错误进行正面反思。为了使学生学到的知识得到巩固;在不增加学生负担的情况下,精心设计一些合理的作业,难易程度适中;向学生提出明确的质量要求和书写规格。做到全批全改,适当批些鼓励的评语,并且分析研究学生完成本次作业的优缺点,做到作业点评详细。检查学生是否听懂。在这次实习后,我学到很多知识,不仅仅是教师的技能;还有做一名合格老师应具备的基本素质,以前的我是紧张恐惧,而现在是从容大方,自信成熟,实习生活现在已画上了一个圆满的句号,但我们的教师还得继续努力,有句话说“路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索”。我将带着满怀的希望去追求人生道路的目标。无愧教师这个职业。这在教学过程中是十分重要的。
我同时进行了两个月的临时班主任工作,深入学生之中了解他们的情况和想法,并及时与原班主任交流,找出解决问题的办法。积极准备并组织了一次关于如何学习英语的班级周会。并批阅学生们的周记,了解他们对自己的认识以及自我发现的问题和进步。在课后,是学生的好朋友,与他们谈心,从生活和学习等各方面关心他们。 “每天早出晚归,一天的批改作业,备课,坐班等工作”,这就是
我们的实习生活,真的很辛苦,大家都说我瘦了。而我所经历的还只是实习而已,与真正的中学老师相比,我们的工作量还远远不够。可是辛苦归辛苦,所有的老师都知道自己辛苦,还是有人为了这份工作废寝忘食,这又是为了什么呢?因为教师是太阳底下最光辉的职业,因为这份工作带给了我们的快乐远远大与它带来的辛苦。看着学生能够灵活地运用自己所教授的知识,心中的成就感油然而生。
为期两个月的实习对我们而言,是一次难得锻炼机会,一次能让我们将课堂所学的知识运用到现实教学中去,同时也是一次严峻的考验,因为经验的缺乏,在教学中有些问题我们不能很好的解决,但在实习过程中虚心认真听取知道老师的`意见让我们有明显的进步.课余时间不断积极主动与指导老师讨论教学方法及教学经验,时刻做到多听,多看,多问,多记不断发现不足之处,完善自我提高的能力.
两个月的实习现在回想起来,短短的实习生活感觉真的好特别.尤其当我穿行在实习校园里时,那出自学生的一声声充满敬意的"老师好!"让我瞬间树立了为人师表的责任感和使命感,我很庆幸我们的这次实习,使它让我有了对生活的重新认识.让我们对理想和今后的职业生涯有了深刻的理解,同时还让我们认识了很多可爱的学生和可敬的老师.一个多月的实习期间虽然伴随着不同程度的艰苦,但它使我真正体会到了做一位老师的乐趣,它使我的教学理论变为教学实践,"知识是永无止境的"在取得好成绩的同时我时刻不忘超越自己,面对教育事业的满腔热情将鼓舞着我不断前进。
一、前言:
实习时间:20xx年2月19日―20xx年4月14日
实习地点:xxx学校
实习目的:成为合格的优秀的教师做准备
实习任务:幼少儿全职英语老师
工作的方法:参加培训、模仿优质课、实际操练
所取得的主要成果:可以控制一小时的课堂、
二、主体:
带着儿时想成为教师的理想,带着在xxx获得的知识,我踏上了教师这一阳光征程,开始了我的实习之路。教育界有个共识,只要教好小孩你就可以教任何年龄段的人,唯一的问题只是知识储备而已。由此也不难看出幼少儿英语教育的难度。我很庆幸自己从最难的开始了。
我进入xxx外语学校,一所私人培训学校。作为其少儿部的一名全职教师,实习主要有两项基本工作,其一,周六周日做助教,偶尔踏上讲台;其二,每周三天的时间学习教师需要具备的专业知识、十大基本功、基本技能和教师素养。作为助教,故名思意,既要协助又要教学,要协助外教维持课堂纪律,必要时将他们的英文翻译成汉语,保持课堂教学顺利进行,还要教好孩子们,帮着外教达到教学目标。同时,作为教师这支队伍中的新人,自己还不知该如何操纵三尺讲台, 起初的工作便是模仿老师的优质课,然后试讲给师长,试讲给同事,试讲给朋友,从而得到他们真诚的建议和务实的帮助。
在xx首先接触到的是教师应具备的基本原则―SOFTEN,这一点将会影响我这一生的教学。S代表着SMILE,教师要有亲和力;O代表着OPEN,教师要放下教案,放下书本,放开表情,放开身体,放开声音,真正达到“背”课;F代表着FORWARD,教师要记住身体前倾,为了更好地倾听学生,尊重学生;T代表着TOUCH,对于内向的孩子来说,拍拍肩、摸摸头可能是最好的鼓励和安慰;E是EYECONTACT,教师目光要扫视全班,跟孩子有目光交流;N代表NOD,是对孩子的肯定。好动好玩是孩子的天性,这就要求老师会讲课、操练活动多、能歌善舞、会简笔画、会做游戏等。当然,孩子的模仿能力也相当强,因此,对幼少儿英语教师的语音语调要求很高,这样才能保证孩子的发音准确,如果老师的发音错误,那么对孩子造成的不良影响将延续深远。
“授之以鱼不如授之以渔”,教给孩子们学习方法培养他们的自学能力比教给他们一成不变的知识更重要。这个概念在我入行的第二周就被教学总监灌输到内心。在扬格,我学到了对我一生有益的方法,尤其是循环记忆法、自然拼读法,这不仅对自己学习有帮助而且对学生也十分有益,因为我们会教给他们好的学习方法。同时,作为教师,要强化学生们的预习和复习意识,让课堂成为他们尽情展示自己的舞台。培养学生的自学能力和学习策略恰好也是新课标的要求。
我们的课堂是个实实在在的万花筒,色彩斑斓。各种类型的学生都有,这就要求教师用心观察,因材施教,用不同方法对待不同学生。例如:孔雀型学生,好表现,上课活跃,对这样的学生要让他做小组长或者小老师,协助老师教学,帮助成绩差的学生,体现他的价值,对他就是一种好的控制;还有猫头鹰型的学生,这类学生学的快,但是很内向,积极性不够,教师要布置一些参与性强的活动,并鼓励这类学生多加参与;还有成绩较差的、爱捣乱的学生,在他人眼里这些被冠以“差生”的名义,但作为老师,要给这些学生更多的关注、尊重和爱,让他们感到被尊重、被重视,这些“差生”从内心自发的喜欢你了,慢慢会听你的话,慢慢会提高自己,那么你的整个班级将得到提高。如果你放弃他,那么你的整个班级的成绩就会受这些“短板”影响,于师于生皆无益处。我们身边的学生有“牛顿”、有“爱因斯坦”,不要因为我们的一句话语或者一个表情或者一种行为让“牛顿”和“爱因斯坦”毁在我们手里。家长把孩子送到学校了,是信任学校、信任老师,请每一位老师用我们的良心、责任心为每一花朵浇水、施肥,让他们在大自然的怀抱中、在我们园丁的怀抱中,健康成长,这才不辜负家长的信任、社会的期望,也对得起我们的良心。用真心的爱撑起我们教育的这片蓝天!
不断地模仿优秀老师的课,不断地练习是每位新入行老师必须做的。取其精华,去其糟粕,是自己得以进步的方式。教案的编写、修改是必不可少的,是自己自信地踏上讲台的保证。编写教案之余,也是自己充电之时,以便更好地为学生充入精华的电。
暑期即将到来,培训学校开始了暑期的大备战。所以,在培训之余我被派去发暑期宣传单。这也是私人培训学校必须做的宣传战。“我是老师还要去做这些?”我带着极大的不满意随着市场部出发了。路上回想着自己这八周以来,一直是周六日做助教,偶尔替哪位请假的老师代次课,而现在居然让我去发传单!似乎我就是不被人重视的蘑菇。但是,再多的抱怨只能让自己劳心伤神,转变思想很重要。出去发传单,可以更多地了解济南的道路,更多地接触家长、学生,更好地与同事合作,因为我们所做的一切都是为了我们xxx这整个团队的进步。团队意识、沟通意识更深地灌入我的内心。调节自己的心态,使自己处于最佳状态才能取得应有的进步。这恰好应证了蘑菇的成长:首先要把它放在阴暗的角落,紧接着浇上一头大粪,然后置之不理,任其自生自灭,只有在这种环境中长出来的蘑菇才是最好的。做几天“蘑菇”未尝不是好事,因为无论你多么优秀,一开始都只能从最简单的事做起。这样能帮助新人消除一些不切实际的幻想,磨炼意志,从而脚踏实地,茁壮成长。“当所有人都拿你当回事的时候,你不能太拿自己当回事。当所有人都不拿你当回事的时,你一定得瞧得上自己。这就是淡定,这就是从容。”
三、结尾:
八周的实习很快地过去了,这八周之内我学习了教师必备的基本技能和基本知识,也领悟到了与人沟通的重要性、调整自己状态的重要性,这些将为我的优秀教师梦点亮了一盏灯,照耀着我前进的路,带给我光明,带给我自信。同时,这八周内的实践次数尚少,我需要在以后的日子里每天进行试讲,讲给镜子中的自己,讲给同事、朋友,以期不断提高。在此深刻地感谢石家庄学院外语系的老师们和济南扬格外语学校的教学主任朱老师,感谢您孜孜不倦地教授给我的学习方法、知识经验、为人处事的原则,感谢您耐心地培养。“师父领进门,修行在个人”,在您的指引下,我会在英语教育之路上更加用心,做一名合格的、优秀的、专家型的英语教师。
教育路漫漫而修远,吾将上下而求索!只要我在做,我就全力以赴!
librapport.org/
这里是一报告的样本
下面是一份指导
CONSEILS PROPOS DU STAGE
Plan 1
- page de garde (1 page env.)
- remerciements (1 p. env.)
- Mini-résumé sur le stage (1 p.env.)
- I Introduction (3 pages max.)
- II Le cadre de travail (3 p. max)
- III Le problème à résoudre (détails du but du stage etanalyse du problème à résoudre) (5 p. max)
- IV Le travail réalisé (10 p. max)
- V Les difficultés rencontrées (lesquelles, pourquoi, comment fait-on pour résoudre ces difficult és habituellement, qu’avezvous choisi comme solutions et pourquoi, etc.) (10 p. max)
- VI Conclusion (3 p. max
- Bibliographie
- Lexique
- Annexes
- Résumé et quelques mots-clefs au verso en franais et anglais
Plan 2
- page de garde
- remerciements
- Mini-résumé sur le stage
- I Introduction
- II Le cadre de travail (Entreprise,etc.)
- III Le problème à résoudre
- IV Le travail réalisé 1ère partie
- V Le travail réalisé 2ème partie(Les difficultés rencontrées peuvent être mêlées à ces 2 chapitres IV et V)
- VI Conclusion
- Bibliographie
- Lexique
- Annexes
- Résumé et quelques mots-clefs au verso en franais et anglais
Nombre de pages
Il est conseillé aux étudiants de L3 de faire un mémoire de 25 à 35 pages, aux étudiants de M1, de 30 à 45 pages, et aux étudiants de M2 de dépasser 40 pages. Ces chiffres ne sont donnés qu’à titre indicatif et sont, bien sr, fonctions de la police de caractères utilisée (ici, police de 10 points avec une interligne *** et des marges normales). 这里有点意思, 防止用大字体凑数
It is in JINXIU travel agency that I have my practice.There are six departments and I was in two departments: treatmemt department and ticket department. My job is receiving guests in the office and ordering plane ticket for costomers, and some times I also answered the phone, helping visitors understand traveling route of travel agency or taking tickets for them.
Because tourism is a service industry, so I want to learn how to communicate with different People and learn some business about travel agency.Must pay attention to others every action and every movement, must learn the skill which converses with the visitor. This is I learns the most useful experience in the travel agency.
Through this experience, I received some knowledge we must understand first as follows,
First, I ought to kown the traveling place’s inside and outside traffic and the environment protection.
Second, the travel agency’s service regulations and management tips.Third, the travel agency’s nature and management business and management model.
Travel agency is the professoinal organazation which provides traveling service for people. Since the professioal nature, the tourism is the service industry. It provides meal, hotel, route etc service.
Service atitude is very important in tourism. You ought to smile to every person in order to make them finding you are friendly. And I must strive for the opportunity. Regarding this point, I have the depth experience. Because is an intern, therefore the company cannot invest too many resources to you. The company thought the practiceborns with is the practice finished must return to the school tostudy, future not necessarily will be able in the practice unit work.Often practised the unit to arrange the work for you, could not specially teach you more things. After I entered company period oftime, I realize this question. How then solves this problem? Whenever after I complete the work task, I all can help other staff to handlesome trivial matters on own initiative. For example: Printing, typing, scheduling. This procedure advantage is obtains outside other staffs favorable impressions, they in unconsciously center already relied on you, some matters were used to it you to do. Thus, I have the opportunity to ask for advice other staffs, learns more knowledge,obtains more experiences.
In addition, I must work hard and serious. I found everything is not easy. I can’t make any mistakes when I check the plane ticket or seting a fax, or I can make a worse consequence. And I also should be careful for my writing, it’s very important to make other people understand you meaning well. From this experience, I feel sincere to every person are so important, if you are sincere to others, they can sincere to you too. Sincere is very important to communicate with others. And whatever you do, patience and obligation are so important, you should be calm down first and you can do it well.Each internship is a student must have some experience, it enabled us to understand the social practice, we learned a lot in the classroom attendance less than the fundamental knowledge, but also opened up a vision and experience, as we move further toward the community after laying a solid foundation.
But this experience also make me recognize a lot of shortcomings for myself. It competes very seriously between travel agencys. You not only should take hold of professional knowledge but also you should understand how to get along with different people. I find I’m lack of education and experience. It’s very different between school and social. I feel the theory which learned in school are not the same to the work concept. That’s the reason why we are practice. It can make me strengthen and understand the knowledge in class and bring up our living capability.
I am a foreign language professional tourism students and I learn in books on the management aspects of the knowledge and English, it seems easy to understand, but not put into practice. During this experience, to the unit after the internship experience difficulty of how to personally stood up to the time before aware of their knowledge, abilities and experience is how the lack of. During the internship, I have broadened our horizons, a growth of knowledge, experience the brutal competition in society.
And I have to talk about something about traveling.
First, I found some advertisements in the newspapers and magazines published the almost same routes as in the dining trip accommodation, transport and other more or less the same by diffenent travel agency. because this is the same single product, Leading to big price war among travel agencies, travel agencies are bring down the price of a line, which will inevitably lead to a decline in the quality of service, and travel agencies also do not want to develop new tourist routes and tourism products, as a new tourist route development requires substantial financial resources. Spent a great cost. And the development of the new line will be out soon after the other copy to use travel agents, this would weaken the competitiveness of the travel agency, so it is imperative to strengthen the tourism property rights, not just the protection of the right to travel, but also to consumers in general to embody a new surprise.
Second, theguided tours of service quality dorpped.Tour guides, they led a group of very rich experience, on average, they have 2 or 3 years of work experience, their qualifications compared to other places for education is high, tour guides have evidence, but most are primary or middle level. High Guides did not have Chinese as a foreign language tour guide for the lack of qualified personnel, which guides the basic wage less money in general and how many number of times a group linked to the group also earn more.
Third, The travel industry is characterized by seasonal tourism market demand for seasonal tourism formed, resulting in travel demand due mainly to seasonal changes in the small tourist destination of the natural climatic conditions, tourism activity by natural climate conditions than Great. In general. Seasonal climate conducive to attracting a large number of leisure tourists come to visit. Holiday,Bitter cold and Hot, such as bad weather is not conducive to tourists tourism.
That’s some limits for tourism, but I believe people will solve it in future.
This experience makes me learn a lot of konwledge about travel agency and society. Andmakes foundation to my work in future. So, it’s very meaningful to me.
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator&’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms&’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
librapport.org/
这里是一报告的样本
下面是一份指导
CONSEILS PROPOS DU STAGE
Plan 1
- page de garde (1 page env.)
- remerciements (1 p. env.)
- Mini-résumé sur le stage (1 p.env.)
- I Introduction (3 pages max.)
- II Le cadre de travail (3 p. max)
- III Le problème à résoudre (détails du but du stage etanalyse du problème à résoudre) (5 p. max)
- IV Le travail réalisé (10 p. max)
- V Les difficultés rencontrées (lesquelles, pourquoi, comment fait-on pour résoudre ces difficult és habituellement, qu’avezvous choisi comme solutions et pourquoi, etc.) (10 p. max)
- VI Conclusion (3 p. max
- Bibliographie
- Lexique
- Annexes
- Résumé et quelques mots-clefs au verso en franais et anglais
Plan 2
- page de garde
- remerciements
- Mini-résumé sur le stage
- I Introduction
- II Le cadre de travail (Entreprise,etc.)
- III Le problème à résoudre
- IV Le travail réalisé 1ère partie
- V Le travail réalisé 2ème partie(Les difficultés rencontrées peuvent être mêlées à ces 2 chapitres IV et V)
- VI Conclusion
- Bibliographie
- Lexique
- Annexes
- Résumé et quelques mots-clefs au verso en franais et anglais
Nombre de pages
Il est conseillé aux étudiants de L3 de faire un mémoire de 25 à 35 pages, aux étudiants de M1, de 30 à 45 pages, et aux étudiants de M2 de dépasser 40 pages. Ces chiffres ne sont donnés qu’à titre indicatif et sont, bien sr, fonctions de la police de caractères utilisée (ici, police de 10 points avec une interligne *** et des marges normales). 这里有点意思, 防止用大字体凑数
这个暑假的7月中旬到8月中旬,我在一家英语培训机构里实习。一个月的实习期间,我虽然有过困惑与痛苦,但受益颇多,磨练了我的耐心与细心,积累了一定的教学经验,让我对教师这一职业有了更为深刻的理解,对以后的工作有很大的影响,也真正了解了“纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行”的涵义。
我实习的培训机构的学生以小学和初中生为主,机构地方虽然不大,但也有百来个学生,我被安排到小学阶段的班,学生有二十人左右,使用的教材为《剑桥少儿英语》。其实自己的小学学习生涯中并没有英语课,上了初中才有,对于小学英语还是很陌生的,记得初中、高中时的英语注重的是语法和阅读,而小学阶段的英语注重的是听、说技能,让学生了解英语这一外语以打开学习英语的大门。我了解到《剑桥少儿英语》这套教材从培养少年儿童的英语基础语言能力和语感入手,培养学生的英语语言思维能力,建立英语学习系统,为深入学习英语打下基础。这套教材的特点是系统性强,内容贴近生活而且循序渐进,视听结合,趣味性强,儿歌、游戏丰富并且贴合学习内容,另外图画多样、精美,图画与文字紧密结合,配有练习册,非常贴合现在的小学生学习。
开始一周我的主要工作就是听课和帮助指导老师批改作业。虽然以前也做过家教工作,但对着几十人上课还是头一次,根本没有经验,所以听课是
他有所警觉,或是让学生回答问题,学生自会把注意力集中到听课上,认真听讲。另外,黑板上的板书内容不可太多或太少,需要挑重点、难点的内容,并且精炼,写板书时速度要快,就其进行讲解时语速要慢。抽学生回答问题或是做口头练习时要“放眼”全班,不可只集中一处,人数在三到五人为妥,先抽能基础好的同学,让其他同学多听几遍,再抽基础差的同学。再来说说批改作业,学生的作业有教材对应的练习册和单词句子抄写、听写,我刚开始批改作业时把学生做错的地方打叉并写上正确答案,指导老师告诉我不要写上正确答案,让学生自己去改也就是让他们自己去寻找正确答案,印象会深刻很多,有利改正,如果学生不及时改正再施以小小惩罚。批改过程中要特别注意学生书写字母的情况,在学英语的初期一定要让他们培养成规范书写的习惯。批改中还要在作业中写上评语,好的表扬,不好的鼓励。
几次听课之后,我开始备课,备课充分能合理安排教学内容和上课时间,调动学生的积极性,上课效果就好。指导老师要求我这个新手的教案越详细越好,要对自己的教学内容和教学过程非常熟悉,做到心中有数。因此我就花了很多的时间在备课上面,认认真真钻研教材和教案,安排好教学顺序,就新的知识点拓展例句、练习,在重点、难点上预测学生可能会范的错误,详细讲解。就连要求学生跟读单词、句子多少遍,抽几个学生回答问题,我都在估算时间后等到指导老师对我的教案感到满意后,我就开始上课了。在上创新,有趣味性,不要老是束缚于只有老师讲、学生听的教学方法中,而是能与学生形成互动,重视学生这一主体,在教学中要有自己独到之处,有新意,让学生在情境、游戏、歌曲中学习并掌握语言,让学生在快乐的心情下上好每一节英语课,培养学生学习英语的兴趣。
实习中我遇到的还有一个问题就是在教学的过程中如何管理课堂纪律,当我和学生渐渐熟悉起来之后,班上个别男生便开始调皮起来,上课不认真听讲,打扰其他同学听课,甚至顶撞我,我口中几句简单的“安静”、“不要说话”已经不起作用了。我向指导老师讨教经验,开始恩威并施,对于课堂上出现的不守纪律的现象严肃处理,对屡教不改的学生偶尔也要“发发威”,而当这些学生表现稍好时马上给予大大的赞许和鼓励,例如某天上课来早了;作业完成得不错;某一堂课认真听讲没有破坏纪律等等,适当时可以在全班人目前给予表扬,使其知道自己还有潜力,有闪光点。平时多与学生交流,尽量做到全班学生都有机会,善于观察生活,善于观察学生的变化。
这样一个月的时间中我积极学习指导老师的教学经验,认真参与实践教学,吸取失败的教训,学到了很多东西,更加了解现在小学生的身心状态,获得了不少的关于小学英语教学现状的信息和对于英语教学的知识技巧,懂得了很多课本上没有的技能。在实习中,我也获得不少成就感,逐渐变得勇敢和自信,即使在尝试中失败,也能让自己成长。当然在一个月的表现中,我感到还有很多的不足和值得去认真学习的地方,不管是专业水平上还是自己素质上都需有所提高。实习工作虽然已经结束了,但我相信这不是终点,而是另一个新的起点。在实习中获得的经历和体会,对于我今后走上工作岗位,都有很大的帮助,希望在以后的教学道路上,我能走得更稳,更宽。
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator&’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms&’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)